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'Breakfast' is the first meal of the day, preceding lunch or dinner and is eaten in the morning.
The English word derives from the idea of breaking the involuntary fast of sleep, thus signifying the first meal eaten after awakening. It conveys the exact literal meaning of the Vulgar Latin word ''disjejunare'', which evolved via the Old French ''disner'' (Modern French: ''dîner'') to become the English word ''dinner''^[1].

Contents

History

Etymological information

Nutrition

Typical breakfasts by world regions

China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong

Remainder of Asia

Australia

New Zealand

Europe

Continental breakfast

Britain and Ireland

Northern Europe

Central and eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Latin America

Middle East

United States and Canada

Traditional

Contemporary

Drinks

Catering

Special occasions

See also

References

External links

History

Traditionally breakfast is a large meal eaten before work and designed to carry people through a large part of the day.
The erosion of breakfast has been an ongoing trend in the West since at least the early 20th century, coinciding with later waking times than when most Westerners had agricultural occupations. Today, hampered by busy morning schedules, many neglect breakfast or skip it entirely. This trend now exists in industrialized nations worldwide, where it is accompanied frequently by replacing local breakfast traditions with modern Western-style foods, often packaged or pre-made.

Etymological information

English: 1463, from break (v.) + fast (n.). Cf. Fr. déjeuner "to breakfast," from L. dis-jejunare "to break the fast." The verb is from 1679.
It's basically for intense homosapians.
The English name derives from the concept that one has not eaten while sleeping, i.e., one is fasting during that time, and one breaks that fast with the meal. The meaning is therefore the same as the French ''déjeuner'' or ''petit déjeuner'', the Spanish ''desayuno'', and the Arabic فطـور (''futūr''). (The related word إفطار (''iftār'') refers not to the morning meal, but rather to the breaking of the fast in the evening, during Ramadan -- See ''Special Occasions'' below.) The German ''Frühstück'', the Danish ''morgenmad'', the Esperanto ''matenmanĝo'', the Japanese ''asagohan'' or ''choushoku'' (朝食), the Chinese ''zao fan'' (早飯), the Hebrew ''aruchat boker'' (ארוחת בוקר) mean "morning meal" and the Malay "sarapan" also mean "morning meal"
The Portuguese speakers in Europe (especially immigrants to France) use the word ''pequeno almoço'', meaning "little lunch" as in the French petit déjeuner. In Brazil, breakfast is ''café da manhã'', the "morning coffee," which is a term also found in English. In Angola and Mozambique, breakfast is ''mata bicho'', meaning in rather subtle way "to kill one's hunger".
Breakfast in Turkish "kahvalti(kahve alti)" means meal before coffee.
The Greek word for breakfast is proino (πρωινό) deriving from th word proi (πρωί) which is the word for morning.

Nutrition

Many nutritionists claim breakfast is a very important (although not necessarily the largest) meal, pointing to studies that have shown that people who eat breakfast tend to weigh less. Studies have shown a negative correlation between children and adolescents who usually have breakfast and these children and adolescents being overweight, despite the fact that these people generally consumed more daily calories than those who skip this meal.
In addition to the nutritional claims, there is concern that students who do not eat breakfast perform worse in school. Research has indicated that eating a meal before noon, consisting of standard breakfast-style foods is positively correlated with improved functioning of school-aged children.
^[2]
The earliest record of the principle that breakfast is "the most important meal of the day" was made in the book ''Die Verwandlung'' by Franz Kafka in 1915:
:"Für den Vater war das Frühstück die wichtigste Mahlzeit des Tages." - "''For the father, breakfast was the most important meal of the day.''" [1]
There is still skepticism of this mantra however. Some people say that nutritionalists are using correlation fallacy when equating breakfast with good health or good school performance. Some studies have indicated that people who go without breakfast as a diet may eat foods with higher energy concentrations (fats and sugars), which ends up being less healthy. [2] Along the same line of thinking, it has been suggested that children who do not eat breakfast may not do so because their bodies rebel against any morning activity, including breakfast and early classes. [3] Another hypothesis about breakfast is that it interrupts the body's cycle between SNS activity and PSNS activity. According to this line of thought, meals are naturally taken after activity involved in either hunting, gathering, and/or preparing the food needed and deviation from this gives the bodies stresses it has not evolved to handle. The first meal of the day ends the nightly PSNS activity (which increases the burning of fat [4]) and thus ends the intense detoxification your body goes through at night. [5]

Typical breakfasts by world regions

China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong

Chinese breakfasts vary greatly between different regions. Except for Hong Kong, Western types of breakfasts or their derivatives are rarely eaten. In Northern China breakfast fare typically includes ''huājuǎn'', ''mántou'' (steamed breads), ''shāobǐng'' (unleavened pocket-bread with sesame), ''bāozi'' (steamed buns with meat or vegetable stuffing), with ''Dòunǎi or dòujiāng'' (soy milk) or tea served in Chinese style as beverages.
In Central and Eastern China, typified by Shanghai and the neighbouring Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui provinces breakfast fares include some Northern as well as Southern dishes. Typically breakfast consists of ''ci fan tuan'', ''yóudoùfu fěnsī'' (a soup made by fried tofu and cellophane noodles), plain ''rice congee/jook'' (''zhōu'') served with numerous side dishes such as salted duck eggs, pickled vegetables, and century eggs, or sweetened or savoury soy milk served with shāobǐng or yóutiáo.

In Southeastern China such as Fujian province, breakfasts consist of ''rice congee/jook'' served with side dishes like pickled vegetables and century eggs.
In Southern China represented by Guangdong province breakfasts include ''rice congee/jook'' prepared to a thicker consistency than those sold in Shanghai and side dishes are not served. Congee is served with yóutiáo if it is plain. In many cases, however, congee is prepared with meats or dried vegetables such as beef slices, shredded salted pork and century eggs, fish, or slices of pig's liver and kidney and could be served with or without yóutiáo. Other breakfast fares include ''rice noodle rolls'' or ''cheong fun'' (served with Hoi sin sauce and soy sauce and, unlike the rice noddle rolls served in restaurants, without fillings), ''fried noodles'' (pan fried noodles with bean sprouts, spring onions, and soy sauce), ''fagao'' (rice cakes), ''jiānbǐng'' (thin pancakes, similar to crêpes), ''lúobogāo'' (turnip cakes) and ''zòngzi'' (another kind of rice cake). The ''dim sum'' breakfast, is a world in itself, and is often eaten as brunch at specialist restaurants.
In Taiwan, due to the influx of mainland Chinese in the aftermath of the Republic of China's retreat to Taiwan in 1949 after the end of the Chinese Civil War, breakfasts tend to be a mix of Northern and Eastern Chinese fare in addition to the traditional South eastern Chinese fare. This is more pronounced in cities with high proportions of people of mainland Chinese descent, like Taipei.

Traditional breakfasts in Hong Kong follow very closely those in Guangdong, but due to long periods of British colonial rule and the influx of substantial refugees from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and Shanghai with the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, localized interpretations of English breakfast and Eastern Chinese breakfast fare are commonly found alongside Cantonese breakfasts. In a Hong Kong ''cha chaan teng'' breakfasts could consist of milk tea, coffee, or ''yin-yeung'' served with bread, ham, and fried eggs, and a bowl of ''macaroni soup with ham''. This local interpretation of English breakfast is regarded in both mainland China and Taiwan as uniquely Hong Kong. In upper market restaurants or hotels, however, standard English and Continental breakfasts are served.

Remainder of Asia

★ 'India'. In South India, the most popular breakfast is an assortment with several possible main dishes, such as ''idlis'', ''vadas'', ''dosas'' and chapatis. These are most often served with hot ''sambar'' and at least one kind of chutney (usually coconut chutney). Breakfast is usually followed by a cup of tea or coffee, both made with milk and sugar. ''Pongal'' is a common breakfast item in Tamil Nadu, while ''uppittu'' or ''kharabath'' and ''kesaribath'' are the common items in Karnataka.
:The usual North Indian breakfast consists of stuffed paratha breads or unstuffed parathas (they resemble oily milee crepes) with fresh butter, cooked spicy vegetables especially aloo sabzi. Popular accompaniments include sweets like jalebi, halwa, and sweetened milk. In Maharashtra, Poha, Upma or Shira (similar to Kesaribath) is frequently eaten for breakfast. In urban areas, omlettes and simple butter sandwiches are becoming a popular breakfast food.

★ 'Indonesia'. Indonesian breakfasts usually contain rice in some form. Some common dishes are nasi goreng, lontong sayur (rice cake wrapped in banana leaf with vegetables and coconut milk soup), and gado gado. In Jakarta nasi uduk would be served which consists of spiced milk and steamed rice served with fried fish or fried chicken, sliced cucumber, and sambal. Many Indonesians also enjoy bakmie ayam (chicken noodle) as well as an assortment of cakes in the morning.


★ 'Japan'. A traditional Japanese breakfast is based on rice, seafood, and fermented foods, which do not differ substantially from dishes eaten at other meals in Japanese cuisine. An exception is ''nattō'' (a type of fermented soybeans), which is rarely eaten outside of breakfast. A typical Japanese restaurant breakfast presentation would be miso soup, rice with ''nori'' or other garnishes, ''nattō'', grilled fish, raw ''egg'', and a pickled vegetable. The influence of Japanese travelers has made this traditional breakfast a standard option on the menus of many upscale hotels world-wide. It is common in Japanese households to include left-over items from the last evening's dinner in the next day's breakfast. Western breakfast foods such as toast and boiled or fried eggs are also common, cereals are becoming popular. Typical breakfast beverages are green tea (traditional) and coffee (modern).

★ 'Korea'. In Korea, breakfast contains rice, soup, several kinds of ''Namul'' or seasoned vegetables, Kimchi (fermented, pickled vegetables), and grilled meat or fish. Traditionally, food eaten in the morning does not differ substantially from the other meals of the day (see Korean cuisine) though the number of dishes is fewer. Today, however, people are more likely to eat Western-style breakfasts similar to those in the United States.

★ 'Malaysia and Singapore'. In Malaysia and Singapore, breakfast sometimes consists of a popular Malay food called ''nasi lemak''. Other food such as ''roti canai'' (known as roti prata in Singapore), kaya toast, half boiled eggs and wonton noodles are also among the favorites. In the East Coast, glutinous rice is eaten as breakfast.

★ 'Myanmar'. In Myanmar (formerly Burma), the traditional breakfast in town and country alike is ''htamin gyaw'', fried rice with boiled peas (''pè byouk''), and ''yei nway gyan'' ( green tea) especially among the poor.
:Glutinous rice or ''kao hnyin'' is a popular alternative, steamed wrapped in banana leaf often with peas as ''kao hnyin baung'' served with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame. Equally popular is the purple variety known as ''nga cheik'' cooked the same way and called ''nga cheik paung''. ''Si damin'' is sticky rice cooked with turmeric and onions in peanut oil and served with crushed and salted toasted sesame and crispfried onions. Assorted fritters such as ''baya gyaw'' (''urad dal'') go with all of them.
:''Nan bya'' or ''naan'' (Indian-style flatbreads) again with ''pè byouk'' or simply buttered is served with Indian tea or coffee. It also goes very well with ''hseiksoup'' (mutton soup).
:Fried ''chapati'', blistered like ''nan bya'' but crispy, with ''pè byouk'' and crispy fried onions is a popular alternative.
:''Htat ta ya'', lit. "a hundred layers", is flaky multilayered fried ''paratha'' served with either ''pè byouk'' or a sprinkle of sugar.
:''E kya kway'' (Chinese-style fried breadsticks or ''youtiao'') with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite.
:''Mohinga'', perhaps the most popular of all, now available as an "all-day breakfast" in many towns and cities, is rice vermicelli in fish broth kept on the boil with chickpea flour and/or crushed toasted rice, lemon grass, sliced banana stem, onions, garlic, ginger, pepper and fish paste and served with crispy fried onions, crushed dried chilli, coriander, fish sauce and lime. Add fritters such as split chickpea (''pè gyan gyaw''), urad dal (''baya gyaw'') or gourd (''bu gyaw''), boiled egg and fried fish cake (''nga hpè gyaw'').


★ 'Pakistan'. The traditional breakfast in Pakistan is usually a heavy meal. There are several dishes
1.''Halva Puri Cholay'' or ''Halva Puri'' for short which consists of two separate dishes , Halva, a sweet made from semolina , and ''Aloo Cholay'', a spicy chick-pea and potato curry eaten with ''Puri'', a small circular deep-fried flat bread.
2.Siri paya eaten with Naan Bread (siri paya is a stew made of cow, goat or lamb's skull and feet . Siri means the head of the animal and paya means the feet of the animal. It is considered a delicacy.)
3.Nihari.Nihari is a stew made from beef or lamb and curry. Nihari is also eaten with Naan bread.
Otherwise parathas are widely eaten for breakfast; they may be stuffed with vegetables or unstuffed eaten alongside fried eggs or some other dish. Chai is served with breakfast.
In cities and urban areas, eggs and toast with butter and jam are also popular.

★ 'Philippines'. A favourite traditional breakfast in the Philippines consists of garlic fried rice, fried or scrambled eggs, and a choice of breakfast meat: beef tapa (like a fried beef jerky), pork tocino (caramelised pork), longaniza (breakfast sausage), dried salty, smoked fish, tinned sardines, sauteed corned beef, or crispy pork adobo, often with Western-style baked beans, sliced tomatoes and a local pickle (achara) on the side. Alternatively, a cheese-topped breakfast pastry called an ensaimada (a colonial relative of the Mallorcan ensaimada) is also eaten, usually with hot chocolate, as is pan de sal (Philippine breakfast roll) filled with a buffalo milk white cheese, and local barako coffee. Finally, there is champurrado, a local sweet chocolate sticky rice porridge, often served with a side dish of crisp-fried sun-dried fish (danggit or tuyo) -- an unusual, though authentically Filipino combination.

★ 'Sri Lanka'. The breakfast includes usually fresh(hot) bread, Rotti, Pittu (Rice or Manipittu - Eaten with Oxstripes) String Hoppers (With Milky Gravy), Hoppers, Rice or Green Grams. These are usually eaten with gravy (meat or vegetable), Sambol (Commonest - Coconut or Seeni (Onion fried with chilli and sugar), Maldive Fish) or with Juggery and Plantains. Noodles and Cornflakes are newcomers.

★ In 'Cambodia', 'Laos', and 'Vietnam' it is customary to eat soup for breakfast, as well as congee.

★ In case of 'Thailand', a variety of different food is served for breakfast since the country has opened to receive eating culture from many countries. Thai-Chinese people typically have congee/jook, boil-rice with fishes, pickles, dried shredded pork, dried shredded pork; dim-sum is also popular in some provinces particularly in the South of Thailand. During rush hours in big cities, particularly Bangkok, people would have fast and simple Western style breakfast, for example, bread, cornflakes, omelet, coffee and milk. Street eateries in Bangkok offer a very various choices of food,such as; sandwiches, grilled or fried pork with sticky rice, noodles, rice and Thai curries. Since there are so many kinds of food for breakfast, Thai people they usually say that "they would eat whatever they want for their breakfast”

Australia

The typical breakfast of Australians strongly resembles breakfast in other English-speaking countries. Owing to the warm weather in some parts of Australia, breakfast is generally light. In the cold parts, however, one might find a full English breakfast. The light breakfast consists of cereals, toast, fruit, and fruit juices rather than cooked items. Australians also enjoy a heavy breakfast with fried bacon, egg, mushroom, sausage, tomatoes and toast, with tea or coffee and juice (similar to the full English breakfast). Some other typical meals include pancakes, waffles, yogurt, bagels and sometimes hash browns.
Australia has a popular spread called Vegemite that is routinely spread on toast for breakfast. It is similar to a popular British spread called Marmite, but has very few followers outside of Australia and New Zealand other than expatriates.

New Zealand

In summer, a New Zealand breakfast will typically consist of some variation on toast, cereal, juice and fruit.In winter many New Zealander's prefer porridge or Weet-Bix with hot milk.
On special occasions some New Zealanders will create a full cooked breakfast - generally bacon and eggs, with fried tomatoes, fried mushrooms and toast.
American type breakfasts (pancakes etc.) are becoming more common in New Zealand. These are usually purchased from a cafe/restaurant for weekend brunch.

Europe

As a general rule traditional breakfasts are less substantial and less elaborate in the warmer, more southern countries bordering the Mediterranean, while breakfasts are traditionally larger, with a greater variety of dishes and greater prevalence of hot dishes in the cooler northern- and central-European countries.
Hotels and other types of lodging in Europe typically include breakfast in their rates, and in many cases, especially in larger hotels, it is served as a buffet. Specific items will vary from country to country, depending on local breakfast tastes and habits. In Switzerland, for example, cold cuts (luncheon meats), cheese, yoghurt, prepared fruit, butter, croissants, breads, and rolls are served. Regardless of location, the standard requirements for a British breakfast (eggs, sausages, tomatoes (fresh grilled or canned), bacon) are also often a part of the buffet, and can be augmented by baked beans and hash brown potatoes, a more recent acquisition from the US.

Continental breakfast

'Continental breakfast' is an institutional meal plan based on lighter Mediterranean breakfast traditions. It is a light meal meant to satisfy one until lunch. A typical 'Continental breakfast' consists of coffee and milk (often mixed as Cappuccino or latte) or hot chocolate with a variety of sweet cakes such as brioche and pastries such as croissant, often with a sweet jam, cream, or chocolate filling. It is often served with juice. The continental breakfast may also include sliced cold meats, such as salami or ham, and yogurt or cereal. Some countries of Europe, such as Holland and those in Scandinavia, add a bit of fruit and cheese to the bread menu, occasionally even a boiled egg or a little salami. In Britain, a continental breakfast can include bacon, eggs, toast, a bit of broiled tomato, etc.
The Continental Breakfast concept isn't limited to Europe, as evidenced by the numerous hotel chains that offer this service worldwide.

Britain and Ireland

Main articles: Full breakfast


Traditionally, people in Britain and Ireland have enjoyed a substantial hot meal for breakfast, featuring eggs, bacon, and sausages, accompanied by toast and tea or coffee. These items are sometimes eaten separately on morning rolls. Many other items (for example kedgeree, tomatoes, black/white pudding, baked beans, various types of fried potatoes and mushrooms) may be included depending on taste and location. Today this dish remains popular but is not usually served at breakfast time during the week. Many British people instead reserve the full cooked breakfast for weekends, or go to a cafe for it on the weekends. English breakfast is also a meal available any time at cafes and greasy spoons. It is also served at hotels where it can be quite substantial in size and variety. Somerset Maugham once said, "The only way to eat well in England is to have breakfast three times a day"
This traditional cooked breakfast has largely been replaced by simple, light foods mainly eaten cold, for example packaged cereal with cold milk, toast with a variety of spreads such as butter, jam, marmalade, lemon curd, marmite, or peanut butter, fruit and yogurt. Porridge is also popular especially in Scotland and in the rest of Britain in the winter months.

Northern Europe

★ 'Belgium'. A typical Belgian breakfast is like that of its northern neighbor, the Netherlands. Most Belgians do not eat their famous food, Belgian waffles, which are traditionally sold in tourist areas of large cities, and are eaten as a snack. The breakfast in Belgium consists of breads, toasted or untoasted, with several marmalades, jams, and nut spreads, such as nutella or just with a bar of chocolate. Other common toppings include sliced meats and cheeses. Pastries and croissants may be served on Sundays, but are mostly not eaten on a regular day. To drink, the Belgians often enjoy coffee, tea, hot chocolate, water, or fresh juice with breakfast.

★ 'Netherlands'. Dutch people typically eat sliced bread with 3 sorts of toppings: dairy products (numerous variations of cheese), meat products (a variety of cured meats and sliced meats), or sweet products/ semi-sweet products like jam, syrup (from sugar beet of fruit), honey, Bebogeen (a topping which is very sweet, sugar beets are adapted into caramel spread), Kokosbrood (Cocosbread, sliced pieces (just like sliced cheese) in which coconut is the main component) or peanut butter. Another type of sweet toppings are the chocolate-toppings; the Dutch have chocolate-toppings in all variations: ''hagelslag'' (chocolate sprinkles), ''chocolade vlokken'' (chocolate flakes) (both typically Dutch), and chocolate spread. Tea, dripolator coffee, milk, and juice are the most popular breakfast beverages. Breakfast may also include raisin bread. Boiled eggs may be served on Sundays.

★ 'Denmark'. A typical breakfast in Denmark, similar to its southern neighbor Germany, consists of bread rolls or toast with butter and Danish ''skæreost'' (slicing cheese), a buttery creamy white cheese (often Danish havarti or Danish tilsit), fruit jam, and a lot of coffee. A bigger and fancier spread might also include cold cuts of meat (cold, thin-sliced ham, rullepølse, salami), soft-boiled eggs, muesli and sweet rolls of all types. Special occasions are often celebrated with a shot of Gammel Dansk. Danish workers typically start their Friday mornings with "breakfast meetings". Also in Denmark, ''pålægschokolade'' (put-on chocolate) which is thin slices of chocolate put on bread with butter underneath.

★ 'Scandinavia'. Breakfasts in other parts of Scandinavia besides Denmark can be quite ample. Fish, cheese, eggs, bacon, hot and cold cereals, breads, potatoes, and fruits are all eaten in various combinations, along with juices, coffee, and tea. ''Filmjölk'' (Sweden) or ''kulturmelk'' (Norway), a cultured milk similar to buttermilk or yoghurt is often eaten with cereals. Whole-grain porridges are popular in Finland, also accompanied by this type of cultured milk.
In Iceland, pickled fish is a popular dish, particularly pickled herring. Pancakes are also eaten.

Central and eastern Europe

★ 'Germany'. The typical German breakfast consists of bread rolls, butter, jam, ham, a soft-boiled egg, and coffee. However, cereals have become popular, and regional variation is significant — cheeses, cold cuts, meat spreads, yogurt, granola and fruit (fresh or stewed) may appear, as well as eggs cooked to order (usually at smaller hotels or bed-and-breakfasts). A second breakfast is traditional in parts of Germany, notably Bavaria.

★ 'Switzerland'. Swiss breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries. A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin, now found throughout Europe, is muesli (''Birchermüesli'' in Swiss German), introduced in 1900 by Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital.

★ 'Poland.' The traditional Polish breakfast is a large spread with a variety of sides eaten with bread or toast. Sides include various cold cuts, meat spreads, the Polish sausage kielbasa, sardines, tomatoes, Swiss cheese, and sliced pickles. ''Twaróg,'' a Polish cheese, is the breakfast classic and comes in many forms. ''Twaróg'' can be eaten plain, with salt, sugar, or honey, or it can be mixed with sardines or chives into a cream cheese-like spread. Eggs are served often as the main breakfast item, mostly soft-boiled or scrambled. For a quick winter breakfast, hot oatmeal, to which cocoa is sometimes added, is often served. Jam spreads are popular for a quick breakfast, including plum, raspberry, and black or red currant spreads. Breakfast drinks include coffee, milk (some areas may serve fresh milk from the cow), hot cocoa, or tea. Traditionally, the Poles avoid heavy-cooked foods for breakfast. For the most part, one will not see fried meats or potatoes in a classic Polish breakfast. Emphasis is placed on a large variety of foods to satisfy everyone at the breakfast table.
In Eastern European countries with cold climates, such as Russia, breakfasts tend to be substantial. ''Zavtrak'' may consist of hot oatmeal or kasha, eggs, cheese, cured meats or sausage, rye breads with butter, and coffee or tea.
Yoghurt or, especially in central and eastern Europe, kefir may be consumed.
In some Balkan countries such as Serbia, savory pastries known as ''burek'' are consumed with yogurt.

Southern Europe

★ 'France'. In France a typical domestic breakfast will consist of cups of coffee, often café au lait, or hot chocolate. Bowls are rarely used these days. The main food consists of ''tartines'' — slices of baguette spread with jam — sometimes dunked, as well as brioches and other breads. Croissants are also traditional, as are other similar pastries such as pains au chocolat and pains aux raisins. Foods like breakfast cereals, fruit compote, fromage blanc, and yogurt are becoming increasingly common as part of the meal.

★ 'Greece'. Various kinds of pastry constitute the traditional Greek breakfast. Tyropita, spanakopita, and bougatsa (particularly in Northern Greece) are eaten, usually accompanied with Greek coffee. Simpler breakfasts include honey, marmelade or nutella cream (as well a Greek variation thereof, ''Merenda'') spread over slices of bread. Children typically drink chocolate or plain milk.

★ 'Italy'. The traditional breakfast in Italy is simply Caffè e latte (hot coffee with milk) with bread or rolls, butter, and jam — known as ''prima colazione'' or just ''colazione''. ''Fette biscottate'' (a cookie-like hard bread often eaten with Nutella) and biscotti (cookies) are commonly eaten. Children drink hot chocolate, plain milk, or hot milk with very little coffee. If breakfast is eaten in a ''bar'' (coffee shop), it is composed of ''cappuccino e brioche'' (frothed hot milk with coffee, and a pastry). It is very common for Italians to have a quick breakfast snack during the morning (typically a ''panino'', or bread roll).

★ 'Spain'. In Central Spain the traditional breakfast is ''chocolate con churros'' — hot chocolate with Spanish-style fritters, which are extruded sticks of doughnut-like dough with a star-shaped profile covered in sugar. The chocolate drink is made very thick and sweet. In Madrid, ''churros'' are somewhat smaller and shaped like a charity ribbon. This meal is normally served in cafeterias. In the South and West is more common for breakfast to have a cup of coffee (usually with milk) and toasts with either olive oil and salt, or tomato, though sometimes butter and jam are used. Una tostada con tomate y aceite (toast with tomato and olive oil) is a morning staple, sometimes varying by the addition of cured ham. The breakfast is not often larger then these two items, because usually in late morning there is a break known as desayuno when there is a snack. Sometimes toast is replaced with ''galletas'' (a type of cookies made with flour, sugar, oil and vanilla flavour), ''magdalenas'' (a Spanish version of the French madeleines made with oil instead of butter) or buns.

★ 'Portugal'. A Portuguese ''pequeno-almoço'' comes in two varieties: one eaten running to work and another, more time-consuming one, more common on the weekends. When rushed in the morning, a cup of yogurt, milk, coffee or both and some bread with butter, cheese or jam suffices. Given the time, additions include orange juice, croissants, different kinds of pastry, and/or cereal.

★ 'Turkey'. Turkish breakfast consists of fresh white sourdough bread, white cheese (feta), yellow cheese (kasar), fresh tomatoes, cucumbers, black and/or green olives, butter, honey, preserves, soujouk, salami, pastirma and a boiled egg — all accompanied by hot black tea in small tulip-shaped glasses. Breakfasts can be very elaborate for company or on weekends, and may include a variety of breads, pastries, and spreads, and several fresh fruits and vegetables in season, but the essential breakfast ingredients for almost every Turk on a daily basis are bread, cheese, olives, and tea.

Latin America

Latin American breakfasts feature many items seen in North American and Continental European breakfasts in regional variations, according to their own culture.

★ In northern South America, maize-based breads, such as tortillas or ''arepas'', may dominate or be augmented with wheat breads or pastries. ''Caffè'', ''caffè e latte'', chocolate, and tea are common beverages.

★ In Argentina, breakfast consists mainly of espresso coffee, ''café con leche'', or ''yerba mate''. There are also croissants, brioches, or ''facturas'' with ''dulce de leche'', filled churros, French bread with jam and butter, grilled sandwiches of ham and cheese known as ''tostados'', and sweet or salted cookies.

★ In Brazil, the common breakfast consists in bread and butter, toasted or not, alongside with coffee, black, or with milk. It can also have juice, usually of orange.

★ In Chile, breakfast is a light meal consisting of coffee or tea and 2 types of bread, called "Marraqueta" and "Hallulla".

★ In Costa Rica breakfast is traditionally Gallo Pinto which is pinto beans and rice. A preferred alternative is to substitute black beans for the pinto beans.

★ In Colombia there are various breakfast staples. In the Cundinamarca region people eat changua, a milk, scallion, and cheese soup.

★ In the past, when Mexico's population was predominantly rural and agricultural, breakfast tradition included a light desayuno of hot beverages and breads at dawn and a heavier ''almuerzo'' mid-morning, with egg dishes such as huevos rancheros, meats, beans, tortillas, pastries, and fruits. Today, ''almuerzo'' generally means "lunch," and the Mexican breakfast may be the lighter or heavier version, depending on the person or occasion. ''Menudo'', a tripe stew considered a folk remedy for a hangover, has become a breakfast dish as well as one eaten at other meals.

Middle East

In most Arab areas, the most popular breakfast by far is pita bread dipped in rich ''labneh'', a type of creamy curd, or in olive oil and ''za'atar'' (a common Middle-Eastern spice mix). Other popular breakfast foods in the ''Mashriq'' include boiled eggs, olives, cheese and beans.
In Iran, a non-Arab country, varieties of Iranian flatbreads (''naan''), Iranian feta cheese (''panir-e irani''), butter (''kareh''), a variety of traditional marmelades (''morabba'') or jams, honey (''angebin'' or ''asal''), and hot tea are essential breakfast foods. Other foods, such as heavy cream, walnuts, hard and soft boiled eggs, and omlettes are also popular for breakfast. Traditionally, a choice of butter and cheese, butter and marmelade, heavy cream and honey, butter and honey, or cheese and walnuts are rubbed on fresh bread and folded into bite-sized sandwiches and are to be consumed with hot tea. The tea is preferably sweetened with sugar. Another breakfast food, which is usually consumed between the hours of three to five in the morning, is called ''halim''. ''Halim'' is a combination of wheat, cinammon, butter and sugar cooked with either shredded turkey or shredded lamb in huge pots. It is served hot and cold, but preferably hot.
In Egypt the traditional breakfast is ''ful medames'': slow cooked fava beans (sometimes with lentils) dressed in olive oil, lemon juice and garlic.
An Israeli breakfast typically consists of coffee, orange juice, fresh vegetables salad, goats/cows cream cheese, fresh bread or toast, olives, butter, fried eggs of your choice, and some small cookies or slices of cake. For an even fuller breakfast it might include hard-boiled eggs, cottage cheese, quark cheese, and Israeli salad. Another type of breakfast would be fried dough, ''malawach'' served with sweet fruits or something spicier. Hotels with continental breakfasts, in addition to the aforemention items, will usually serve many different kinds of fish and yogurts, as well as an egg and spicy tomato dish known as ''shakshuka''.

United States and Canada

Traditional

Traditional breakfasts in the United States and Canada derive from the full English breakfast and feature predominantly sweet or mild-flavored foods, mostly hot. Typical items include hot oatmeal porridge, grits (in the South), other hot grain porridges, eggs, bacon, ham, small sausages, pan-fried potatoes (hash browns), biscuits, toast, pancakes, waffles, French toast, cornbread, English muffins, pastries (such as croissants, doughnuts, and muffins), and fruit. Coffee and tea are standard breakfast beverages. Vegetables are notably rare on traditional menus.

Many regions of the U.S.A. have local breakfast specialties that are less popular nationally. In the South, homemade biscuits served with country-style gravy (also called sawmill gravy), country ham and red eye gravy and grits are one traditional breakfast menu; the Southwest has ''huevos rancheros'' and spicy breakfast burritos; scrapple is a favorite in the Mid-Atlantic states; pork roll is rarely available outside New Jersey and Philadelphia; and New Englanders still occasionally indulge in fried salt-pork, and pie. Specialty sausages also vary in popularity regionally, such as linguiça in Hawaii and southern New England, andouille in Louisiana, chorizo in the Southwest, et cetera.
Some regions of Canada especially Quebec, New Brunswick and Parts of Eastern Ontario will commonly include maple syrup with crêpes, French toast, pancakes, or waffles.

Contemporary

Today, most Americans and Canadians eat a reduced breakfast most days, but may still enjoy a traditional hearty breakfast on weekends, holidays, and vacations. Having only coffee or skipping breakfast entirely are also common. Eating out for breakfast or brunch is common on weekends and holidays.
Eggs are strongly associated with breakfast, to the extent that many Americans and Canadians consider egg dishes out of place later in the day.

A typical contemporary combination of food for a hearty breakfast consists of eggs (fried or scrambled), one type of meat, and one or two starchy dishes; commonly hash browns and toast. A more basic breakfast combination would be a starchy food (such as toast, pastry, cereal, porridge, pancakes, or waffles) either alone or served with fruit and yogurt. This second option, similar to the Continental breakfasts served in Europe, is especially common in institutional situations where serving hot food is difficult, expensive, or impractical.
Restaurants that serve breakfast typically base their menus around egg dishes and meats such as sausage and bacon. An assemblage commonly known as a ''country breakfast'' in restaurants consists of eggs or omelette, sausage or bacon, hash browns, sausage gravy, coffee, biscuits or toast with jam or jelly, and fruit juice.
A typical breakfast for those that eat ordinary breakfast as a home meal is instant oatmeal or a cold breakfast cereal with milk.
Leftovers from the previous day's meals may also be eaten, such as cold pizza.
A worker's breakfast often consists only of coffee and prepared food purchased on the way to work or brought from home, eaten during the morning commute or at the workplace just before clocking in. Food items that fit this eat-on-the-go strategy include various sweet breakfast breads and pastries, bagels (often with cream cheese), sweetened flavored yogurt cups, smoothies and milkshakes, fresh fruit, granola or "energy" bars, toaster pastries, and fast food.
Many fast food restaurants sell breakfast versions of their typical offerings that include eggs and are usually sweeter and less spicy. Examples of such breakfasts-to-go are: egg-filled sandwiches of croissants (a "croissanwich") or muffins; hamburgers without the usual vegetable garnishes; and breakfast burritos or tacos filled with eggs and cheese, optionally with other additions like meat or beans.
Coffee is the most common breakfast beverage. In the Unites States, 65% of coffee drunk during the day is with breakfast.^[3]. Also common are tea, milk, hot chocolate, orange juice, and other fruit juices (grapefruit, tomato, etc). Occasionally, caffeinated carbonated beverages may be substituted for the more traditional coffee or tea.
The modern options typical of the U.S.A. and Canada are representative of Western-style breakfasts that have become common worldwide, especially in industrialized nations.
Breakfast is thought of modernly as the foods typically eaten during morning hours, that are identifiably distinct from other foods even if eaten outside of the morning. In this sense, some serve breakfast for dinner. There are several fast food and casual dining chains in North America that specialize in hearty breakfast-style foods, such as pancakes and country breakfasts, that offer these all day long. Like the cafes and greasy spoons in the UK, American diners typically serve breakfast foods all day.

Drinks

As the preceding regional descriptions show, beverage choices at breakfast are fairly uniform worldwide, comprising

★ Fruit juices (orange juice is the most popular),

★ Milk (hot, cold, possibly cultured) or milk analogue,

★ Hot caffeinated and non-caffeinated beverages (tea, coffee, and chocolate).
Cultures around the world commonly shun or restrict alcoholic beverages at breakfast. Notable exceptions would be the Mimosa cocktail: champagne and orange juice; and the Bloody Mary cocktail: vodka and spiced tomato juice. Still, a Mimosa is normally served at brunch, and rarely consumed before 10:00 in the morning at breakfast proper.

Catering

Some restaurants devote themselves to breakfast or have special breakfast menus. The field is dominated on one hand by greasy spoons, diners, cafés, cafeterias, and fast food places, and by hotels. However, some breakfast places resemble standard restaurants in procedure, selection, and price.

Special occasions

Breakfast is occasionally served as an entertainment meal.
The serving of a pancake breakfast is traditional on Pancake Day (Shrove Tuesday), and some celebrate a festive breakfast on Christmas morning.
During Ramadan, Muslims describe the meal after sunset that "breaks the fast" as Iftar.

See also

★ Breakfast television

★ Full English breakfast

★ Irish breakfast

★ Midnight breakfast

★ Wedding breakfast

★ Brunch

References

1. "Dine." ''Online Etymology Dictionary''. May 12, 2007, <http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=dine>.
2.
Murphy, J.M., Pagano, M.E., Nachmani, J., Sperling, P., Kane, S. & Kleinman, R.E. (1998). Cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in an inner-city school sample. ''Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 152'', 899-907.

3. "Specialty Coffee Statistics." E-Imports business web site. Retrieved 2007-09-07. [6].


★ Rampersaud G.C., Pereira M.A., Girard B.L., Adams J. and Metzl J.D.; ''Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents.'' J. Am. Diet. Assoc., May;105(5):743-60, 2005. Abstract in PubMed

External links

★ Wikibooks Cookbook

★ List of Breakfast Foods and Cereals

★ Complete Recipes: Breakfast

★ Quick and easy perfect poached egg