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The 'Sacred College of Cardinals' is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church established by Pope Nicholas II^[1]. The College plays two roles in the church:

★ participating in papal elections when the Holy See is vacant,^[2] and

★ advising the Pope about Church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory.^[3]
Historically, they were also the clergy of the city of Rome serving the Pope as the Bishop of Rome and were assigned duties in parishes of the city. The College has no ruling power except during the ''sede vacante'' period, where its powers are still extremely limited according to the Apostolic constitution ''Universi Dominici Gregis''.
The Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Sub-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected by the cardinals holding suburbicarian dioceses, but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding, the Dean has no power of governance over the cardinals, instead acting as ''primus inter pares''.
The Secretary of State, the prefects of the Congregations of the Roman Curia, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the Vicar General of Rome, and the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon, are usually Cardinals, with few, generally temporary, exceptions.

Contents

Choosing the Pope

Members of the College of Cardinals

Cardinals of the Order of Bishops

Cardinals of the Order of Priests

Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

Notes

See also

External links

Choosing the Pope

'Italian cardinals as percentage'

'of total College of Cardinals (1903-2005)'

2005	17.09
Oct. 1978	22.50
Aug. 1978	22.80
1963	35.36
1958	35.80
1939	54.80
1922	51.60
1914	50.76
1903	56.25

Since January 1, 1971, cardinals over the age of 80 have not had a vote in papal elections, under the terms of Pope Paul VI's ''motu proprio' ''Ingravescentem Aetatem''.
The rules for the election of the Roman Pontiff are stated in ''Universi Dominici Gregis'', published by Pope John Paul II on 22 February 1996. It states that cardinals over the age of 80 on the day the see becomes vacant do not have a vote in the Papal election.
Although the rules of the Conclave explicitly say the Pope need not be chosen from among the ranks of the Cardinals (in theory ''any'' unmarried Catholic male may be elected Pope), this has been the consistent practice since the election of Pope Urban VI in 1378.

Members of the College of Cardinals

The following is the list of all 185 Cardinals as of January 7, 2007. Cardinals are shown in order of precedence, based on seniority by date of appointment. Stephen Cardinal Kim Sou-hwan is considered the most senior member of the College by length of service, as he was listed first of those surviving from the 1969 consistory. However, Angelo Cardinal Sodano, as dean of the College of Cardinals, has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop.
Cardinals aged over 80 are indicated with an asterisk (
★ ). Edmund Casimir Szoka will be the next to lose his right to participate in the conclave on 14 September 2007. In addition, Angelo Sodano, Dean of the College of Cardinals turns 80 on (23 November). The oldest living cardinal is currently Alfons Maria Stickler.
All but thirteen of the Cardinals alive at the death of Pope John Paul II were appointed by him. Three of those thirteen were under 80 years old as of the day of John Paul II's death. One of those three (Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger) has since been elected Pope as Benedict XVI, another one (Jaime Cardinal Sin) did not attend the resulting conclave for health reasons and died shortly afterwards, and the third, William Wakefield Baum, turned 80 on November 21, 2006. There are now a total of 183 cardinals of whom 105 are aged under 80.
There are three ranks of Cardinals: Cardinal Bishops, Cardinal Priests, and Cardinal Deacons. Almost all Cardinals are also bishops.

Cardinals of the Order of Bishops

'Titular Bishops of seven suburbicarian sees'

★ Angelo Sodano, Dean of the College of Cardinals (Italy) - born 23 November 1927 retired Cardinal Secretary of State ''Cardinal 28 June 1991, Cardinal Bishop of Albano since January 1994, Dean of the College (and therefore Cardinal Bishop of Ostia) since April 2005''

★ Bernardin Gantin
★ (Benin) - born 8 May 1922 retired as Dean and as Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops ''Cardinal 27 June 1977, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina since September 1986, was Dean and Cardinal Bishop of Ostia 1993-2002''

★ Roger Etchegaray
★ (France) - born 25 September 1922 Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals, former President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace ''Cardinal 30 June 1979, Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina since June 1998''

★ Alfonso López Trujillo (Colombia) - born 8 November 1935 President of Pontifical Council for the Family ''Cardinal 2 February 1983, Cardinal Bishop of Frascati since November 2001''

★ Giovanni Battista Re (Italy) - born 30 January 1934 Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops ''Cardinal 21 February 2001, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto since October 2002''

★ Francis Arinze (Nigeria) - born 1 November 1932 Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments ''Cardinal 25 May 1985, Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni since April 2005''
'Patriarchs of Oriental Rites'

★ Nasrallah Pierre Sfeir
★ (Lebanon) - born 15 May 1920 Maronite Patriarch of Antioch (lives in Beirut) ''Cardinal 28 February 1994''

★ Stéphanos II Ghattas
★ (Egypt) - born 16 January 1920 Retired Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria ''Cardinal 21 February 2001''

★ Ignace Moussa I Daoud (Syria) - born 18 September 1930 Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and former Syrian Rite Patriarch of Antioch ''Cardinal 21 February 2001''

Cardinals of the Order of Priests

Appointed by Pope Paul VI

'Consistory of 28 April 1969'

★ Stephen Kim Sou-hwan
★ (Korea) - born 8 May 1922 Retired Archbishop of Seoul

★ Eugênio de Araújo Sales
★ (Brazil) - born 8 November 1920 Retired Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro and previously of São Salvador de Bahia
'Consistory of 5 March 1973'

★ Luis Aponte Martínez
★ (Puerto Rico) - born 4 August 1922 Retired Archbishop of San Juan, Puerto Rico

★ Paulo Evaristo Arns
★ (Brazil) - born 14 September 1921 Retired Archbishop of São Paulo
'Consistory of 24 May 1976'

★ William Wakefield Baum
★ (USA) - born 21 November 1926 Retired Major Penitentiary, previously Archbishop of Washington, D.C. and then Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education

★ Aloísio Lorscheider
★ (Brazil) - born 8 October 1924 Retired Archbishop of Aparecida and previously of Fortaleza

Appointed by Pope John Paul II

'Consistory of 30 June 1979'

★ Marco Cé
★ (Italy) - born 8 July 1925 Retired Patriarch of Venice

★ Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada
★ (Mexico) - born 29 June 1919 Retired Archbishop of Mexico City

★ Franciszek Macharski
★ (Poland) - born 20 May 1927 Retired Archbishop of Krakow
'Consistory of 2 February 1983'

★ Michael Michae Cardinal Kitbunchu (Thailand) - born 26 January 1929 Archbishop of Bangkok

★ Alexandre do Nascimento
★ (Angola) - born 1 March 1925 Retired Archbishop of Luanda, and previously of Lubango

★ Godfried Danneels (Belgium) - born 5 June 1933 Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels

★ Thomas Stafford Williams (New Zealand) - born 20 March 1930 Retired Archbishop of Wellington, New Zealand

★ Carlo Maria Martini
★ (Italy) - born 15 February 1927 Retired Archbishop of Milan

★ Józef Glemp (Poland) - born 28 December 1929 Retired Archbishop of Warsaw

★ Joachim Meisner (Germany) - born 25 December 1933 Archbishop of Cologne and previously Bishop of Berlin
'Consistory of 25 May 1985'

★ Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy
★ (India) - born 5 February 1924 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and former Archbishop of Bangalore

★ Antonio Innocenti
★ (Italy) - born 23 August 1915 Retired as President of the Pontifical Commission ''Ecclesia Dei'', previously Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy

★ Miguel Obando y Bravo
★ (Nicaragua) - born 2 February 1926 Retired Archbishop of Managua

★ Paul Mayer
★ (Germany) - born 23 May 1911 Retired as President of the Pontifical Commission ''Ecclesia Dei'' (preceded Cardinal Innocenti) and previously Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

★ Ricardo J. Cardinal Vidal (Philippines) - born 6 February 1931 Archbishop of Cebu

★ Henryk Roman Gulbinowicz
★ (Poland) - ''long reported as born 17 October 1928 but announced 2 February 2005 that he had concealed his real age in the wartime conditions of 1944 and was really born in 1923'' [1] Retired Archbishop of Wrocław

★ Jozef Tomko
★ (Slovakia) - born 11 March 1924 President of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses and former Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

★ Andrzej Maria Deskur
★ (Poland) - born 29 February 1924 President of the Pontifical Academy of the Immaculate Conception, formerly President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications

★ Paul Poupard (France) - born 30 August 1930 President of the Pontifical Council for Culture

★ Rosalio José Castillo Lara
★ (Venezuela) - born 4 September 1922 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City

★ Friedrich Wetter (Germany) - born 20 February 1928 Archbishop of Munich and Freising

★ Silvano Piovanelli
★ (Italy) - born 21 February 1924 Retired Archbishop of Florence

★ Adrianus Johannes Simonis (Netherlands) - born 26 November 1931 Archbishop of Utrecht

★ Alfons Maria Stickler
★ (Austria) - born 23 August 1910 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church

★ Bernard Francis Law (USA) - born 4 November 1931 Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major and former Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts

★ Giacomo Biffi (Italy) - born 13 June 1928 Retired Archbishop of Bologna
'Consistory of 28 June 1988'

★ Eduardo Martínez Somalo
★ (Spain) - born 31 March 1927 Retired Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church

★ Achille Cardinal Silvestrini
★ (Italy) - born 25 October 1923 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

★ José Freire Falcão
★ (Brazil) - born 23 October 1925 Retired Archbishop of Brasilia

★ Michele Giordano (Italy) - born 26 September 1930 Retired Archbishop of Naples

★ Alexandre José Maria dos Santos
★ (Mozambique) - born 18 March 1924 Retired Archbishop of Maputo

★ Giovanni Canestri
★ (Italy) - born 30 September 1918 Retired Archbishop of Genoa

★ Simon Cardinal Pimenta
★ (India) - born 1 March 1920 Retired Archbishop of Bombay

★ Edward Bede Clancy
★ (Australia) - born 13 December 1923 Retired Archbishop of Sydney

★ Edmund Casimir Szoka (USA) - born 14 September 1927 President of the Governorate of Vatican City and former Archbishop of Detroit

★ László Paskai
★ (Hungary) - born 8 May 1927 Retired Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest

★ Christian Wiyghan Cardinal Tumi (Cameroon) - born 15 October 1930 Archbishop of Douala

★ Jean Cardinal Margéot
★ (Mauritius) - born 23 February 1916 Retired Bishop of Port-Louis
'Consistory of 28 June 1991'

★ Nicolás de Jesús Cardinal López Rodriguez (Dominican Republic) - born 31 October 1936 Archbishop of Santo Domingo

★ Roger Cardinal Mahony (USA) - born 27 February 1936 Archbishop of Los Angeles, California

★ Anthony Joseph Bevilacqua
★ (USA) - born 17 June 1923 Retired Archbishop of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

★ Giovanni Cardinal Saldarini
★ (Italy) - born 11 December 1924 Retired Archbishop of Turin

★ Cahal Brendan Cardinal Daly
★ (Ireland) - born 1 October 1917 Retired Archbishop of Armagh

★ Camillo Ruini (Italy) - born 19 February 1931 Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome

★ Ján Chryzostom Korec
★ (Slovakia) - born 22 January 1924 Retired Bishop of Nitra

★ Henri Schwery (Switzerland) - born 14 June 1932 Retired Bishop of Sion

★ Georg Maximilian Sterzinsky (Germany) - born 9 February 1936 Archbishop of Berlin

★ Pío Laghi
★ (Italy) - born 21 May 1922 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education

★ Edward Idris Cassidy
★ (Australia) - born 5 July 1924 Retired President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity

★ José Tomas Cardinal Sánchez
★ (Philippines) - born 17 March 1920 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy

★ Virgilio Cardinal Noè
★ (Italy) - born 30 March 1922 Retired Vicar General for the State of Vatican City and Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica

★ Fiorenzo Angelini
★ (Italy) - born 1 August 1916 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers
'Consistory of 26 November 1994'

★ Miloslav Cardinal Vlk (Czech Republic) - born 17 May 1932 Archbishop of Prague

★ Luigi Cardinal Poggi
★ (Italy) - born 25 November 1917 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church

★ Peter Seiichi Cardinal Shirayanagi (Japan) - born 17 June 1928 Retired Archbishop of Tokyo

★ Carlo Cardinal Furno
★ (Italy) - born 2 December 1921 Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and Retired Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major

★ Adolfo Antonio Cardinal Suárez Rivera
★ (Mexico) - born 9 January 1927 Retired Archbishop of Monterrey

★ Julius Riyadi Cardinal Darmaatmadja (Indonesia) - born 20 December 1934 Archbishop of Jakarta

★ Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (Cuba) - born 18 October 1936 Archbishop of San Cristobal de la Habana

★ Gilberto Agustoni
★ (Switzerland) - born 26 July 1922 Retired Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura

★ Emmanuel Cardinal Wamala
★ (Uganda) - born 15 December 1926 Retired Archbishop of Kampala

★ William Henry Cardinal Keeler (USA) - born 4 March 1931 Archbishop of Baltimore

★ Jean-Claude Cardinal Turcotte (Canada) - born 26 June 1930 Archbishop of Montreal

★ Ricardo María Carles Gordó
★ (Spain) - born 24 September 1926 Retired Archbishop of Barcelona

★ Adam Joseph Cardinal Maida (USA) - born 18 March 1930 Archbishop of Detroit

★ Vinko Puljić (Bosnia and Herzegovina) - born 8 September 1945 Archbishop of Vrhbosna/Sarajevo

★ Armand Razafindratandra
★ (Madagascar) - born 7 August 1925 Retired Archbishop of Antananarivo

★ Paul Joseph Cardinal Pham Dình Tung
★ (Vietnam) - born 15 June 1919 Retired Archbishop of Hanoi

★ Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (Mexico) - born 28 March 1933 Archbishop of Guadalajara, Jalisco

★ Kazimierz Swiatek
★ (Belarus) - born 21 October 1914 Archbishop of Minsk

★ Ersilio Cardinal Tonini
★ (Italy) - born 20 July 1914 Retired Archbishop of Ravenna
'Consistory of 21 February 1998'

★ Salvatore De Giorgi (Italy) - born 6 September 1930 Retired Archbishop of Palermo

★ Serafim Fernandes de Araújo
★ (Brazil) - born 13 August 1924 Retired Archbishop of Belo Horizonte

★ Antonio María Rouco Varela (Spain) - born 24 August 1936 Archbishop of Madrid

★ Aloysius Matthew Cardinal Ambrozic (Canada) - born 27 January 1930 Retired Archbishop of Toronto

★ Dionigi Tettamanzi (Italy) - born 14 March 1934 Archbishop of Milan

★ Polycarp Pengo (Tanzania) - born 5 August 1944 Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam

★ Christoph Schönborn (Austria) - born 22 January 1945 Archbishop of Vienna

★ Norberto Rivera Carrera (Mexico) - born 6 June 1942 Archbishop of Mexico City

★ Francis Eugene George (USA) - born 16 January 1937 Archbishop of Chicago

★ Paul Shan Kuo-hsi
★ (Taiwan) - born 3 December 1923 Retired Archbishop of Taiwan and Retired Bishop of Kaohsiung

★ Adam Cardinal Kozlowiecki
★ (Poland) - born 1 April 1911 Retired Archbishop of Lusaka

★ Marian Jaworski
★ (Ukraine) - born 21 August 1926 Archbishop of Lviv

★ Jānis Pujāts (Latvia) - born 14 November 1930 Archbishop of Riga
'Consistory of 21 February 2001'

★ Antonio José González Zumárraga
★ (Ecuador) - born 18 March 1925 Retired Archbishop of Quito

★ Ivan Dias (India) - born 14 April 1936 Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

★ Geraldo Majella Agnelo (Brazil) - born 19 October 1933 Archbishop of São Salvador de Bahia

★ Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (Colombia) - born 13 September 1932 Archbishop of Bogotá

★ Theodore Edgar McCarrick (USA) - born 7 July 1930 Retired Archbishop of Washington, D.C.

★ Desmond Connell
★ (Ireland) - born 24 March 1926 Retired Archbishop of Dublin

★ Audrys Juozas Backis (Lithuania) - born 1 February 1937 Archbishop of Vilnius

★ Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (Chile) - born 5 September 1933 Archbishop of Santiago de Chile

★ Julio Terrazas Sandoval (Bolivia) - born 7 March 1936 Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra

★ Wilfrid Fox Cardinal Napier (South Africa) - born 8 March 1941 Archbishop of Durban

★ Oscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (Honduras) - born 29 December 1942 Archbishop of Tegucigalpa

★ Bernard Agré
★ (Ivory Coast) - born 2 March 1926 Retired Archbishop of Abidjan

★ Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne (Peru) - born 28 December 1943 Archbishop of Lima

★ Francisco Álvarez Martínez
★ (Spain) - born 14 July 1925 Retired Archbishop of Toledo

★ Cláudio Hummes (Brazil) - born 8 August 1934 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy

★ Varkey Vithayathil
★ (India) - born 29 May 1927 Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabars

★ Jorge Mario Bergoglio (Argentina) - born 17 December 1936 Archbishop of Buenos Aires

★ José da Cruz Policarpo (Portugal) - born 26 February 1936 Patriarch of Lisbon

★ Severino Poletto (Italy) - born 18 March 1933 Archbishop of Turin

★ Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (England & Wales) - born 24 August 1932 Archbishop of Westminster

★ Edward Michael Egan (USA) - born 2 April 1932 Archbishop of New York, New York

★ Lubomyr Husar (Ukraine) - born 26 February 1933 Major Archbishop of Kiev of the Ukrainians

★ Karl Lehmann (Germany) - born 16 May 1936 Bishop of Mainz

★ Jean Marcel Honoré
★ (France) - born 13 August 1920 Retired Archbishop of Tours
'Consistory of 21 October 2003'^{note 1}

★ Angelo Scola (Italy) - born 7 November 1941 Patriarch of Venice

★ Anthony Olubumni Okogie (Nigeria) - born 16 June 1936 Archbishop of Lagos

★ Bernard Panafieu (France) - born 26 January 1931 Retired Archbishop of Marseille

★ Gabriel Zubeir Wako (Sudan) - born 27 February 1939 Archbishop of Khartoum

★ Carlos Cardinal Amigo Vallejo (Spain) - born 23 August 1934 Archbishop of Seville

★ Justin Francis Rigali (USA) - born 19 April 1935 Archbishop of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

★ Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (Scotland) - born 17 March 1938 Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh

★ Eusebio Oscar Scheid (Brazil) - born 8 December 1932 Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro

★ Ennio Antonelli (Italy) - born 18 November 1936 Archbishop of Florence

★ Tarcisio Bertone (Italy) - born 2 December 1934 Cardinal Secretary of State, Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church Archbishop emeritus of Genoa

★ Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson (Ghana) - born 11 October 1948 Archbishop of Cape Coast

★ Telesphore Placidus Toppo (India) - born 13 October 1939 Archbishop of Ranchi

★ George Pell (Australia) - born 8 April 1941 Archbishop of Sydney

★ Josip Bozanić (Croatia) - born 20 March 1949 Archbishop of Zagreb

★ Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn (Vietnam) - born 1934 (birthday not recorded) Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City

★ Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (Guatemala) - born 8 March 1932 Archbishop of Guatemala City

★ Philippe Barbarin (France) - born 17 October 1950 Archbishop of Lyon

★ Péter Erdő (Hungary) - born 25 June 1952 Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest

★ Marc Ouellet (Canada) - born 8 June 1944 Archbishop of Quebec City

Appointed by Pope Benedict XVI

'Consistory of 24 March 2006'

★ Jorge Urosa (Venezuela) - born 28 August 1942 - Archbishop of Caracas

★ Gaudencio Borbon Rosales (Philippines) - born 10 August 1932 - Archbishop of Manila

★ Jean-Pierre Ricard (France) - born 25 September 1944 - Archbishop of Bordeaux

★ Antonio Cañizares Llovera (Spain) - born 15 October 1945 - Archbishop of Toledo

★ Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk (South Korea) - born 7 December 1931 - Archbishop of Seoul

★ Sean P. O'Malley (United States) - born 29 June 1944 - Archbishop of Boston

★ Stanisław Dziwisz (Poland) - born 27 April 1939 - Archbishop of Kraków

★ Carlo Caffarra (Italy) - born 1 June 1938 - Archbishop of Bologna

★ Joseph Zen Ze-Kiun (''Hong Kong'' ^{note 2}) - born 13 January 1932 - Bishop of Hong Kong

Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

Cardinal Deacons have the right to become Cardinal Priests after ten years as Cardinal Deacons, with the rare exception of Cardinals who are not Bishops. All living former Cardinal Deacons created prior to 1998 have exercised this right.

Appointed by Pope John Paul II

'Consistory of 21 February 1998'

★ Jorge Medina Estévez
★ (Chile) - born 23 December 1926 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

★ Darío Castrillón Hoyos (Colombia) - born 4 July 1929 President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei; retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy

★ Lorenzo Antonetti
★ (Italy) - born 31 July 1922 Pontifical Delegate for the Patriarchal Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi and Retired President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See

★ James Francis Stafford (USA) - born 26 July 1932 Major Penitentiary

★ Giovanni Cheli
★ (Italy) - born 4 October 1918 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
'Consistory of 21 February 2001'

★ Agostino Cacciavillan
★ (Italy) - born 14 August 1926 Retired President of the Administration of the Apostolic See (succeeded Cardinal Antonetti)

★ Sergio Sebastiani (Italy) - born 11 April 1931 President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See

★ Zenon Grocholewski (Poland) - born 11 October 1939 Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education

★ José Saraiva Martins (Portugal) - born 6 January 1932 Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints

★ Crescenzio Sepe (Italy) - born 2 June 1943 Archbishop of Naples

★ Jorge María Mejía
★ (Argentina) - born 31 January 1923 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church

★ Walter Kasper (Germany) - born 5 March 1933 President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity

★ Roberto Tucci
★ (Italy) - born 19 April 1921 Priest of Society of Jesus and retired President of the Administrative Committee of Radio Vatican

★ Avery Dulles
★ (USA) - born 24 August 1918 Priest of Society of Jesus and Professor of Theology at Fordham University
'Consistory of 21 October 2003'^{note 1}

★ Jean-Louis Tauran (France) - born 3 April 1943 Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church

★ Renato Raffaele Martino (Italy) - born 23 November 1932 President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace

★ Francesco Marchisano (Italy) - born 25 June 1929 President of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See and Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica

★ Julián Herranz Casado (Spain) - born 31 March 1930 President of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts

★ Javier Lozano Barragán (Mexico) - born 26 January 1933 President of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers

★ Stephen Fumio Hamao (Japan) - born 9 March 1930 Retired President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants

★ Attilio Nicora (Italy) - born 16 March 1937 President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See

★ Georges Marie Martin Cottier
★ (Switzerland) - born 25 April 1922 former Titular Archbishop of Tullia, retired as Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household and as Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission

★ Tomás Spidlik
★ (Czech Republic) - born 17 December 1919 Consultor of Vatican Congregations

★ Stanislaw Nagy
★ (Poland) - born 30 September 1921 former Titular Archbishop of Holar and Professor Emeritus of Theology

Appointed by Pope Benedict XVI

'Consistory of 24 March 2006'

★ William Joseph Levada (United States) - born 15 June 1936 - Prefect of the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith

★ Franc Rodé (Slovenia) - born 23 September 1934 - Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

★ Agostino Vallini (Italy) - born 17 April 1940 - Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura

★ Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo
★ (Italy) - born 27 August 1925 - Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Paul's Outside-the-Walls

★ Peter Proeku Dery
★ (Ghana) - born 10 May 1918 - Archbishop emeritus of Tamale, Ghana

★ Albert Vanhoye, S.J.
★ (France) - born 23 July 1923 - formerly rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute and secretary of the Pontifical Biblical Commission

Notes

1. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11055a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia
2. John Paul II, Ap. Const. ''Universi Dominici Gregis'' in ''AAS'' 88 (1996)
3. CIC 1983, can. 349


Note 1: In 2003 Pope John Paul II announced he was also creating one cardinal secretly (''in pectore''), which would have taken effect if the appointment had been announced before the Pope's death. There was press speculation that it was his senior personal secretary, Stanisław Dziwisz or else resided in the mainland of the People's Republic of China. However, on April 6 2005 it was revealed by the Vatican spokesman that Pope John Paul II had not announced the name of this cardinal before witnesses prior to his death and that the appointment was therefore null.
Note 2: Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. However, as of February 2006 the Holy See recognises the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the sole legitimate government of ''China''.

See also

★ Palatine Cardinals

External links

★ Cardinals of the Catholic Church - sortable list, often slightly out of date on deaths

★ Catholic-Hierarchy.org, with entry into extensive databases.

★ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, by Salvador Miranda, with fuller biographical notices

★ Cardinalrating.com- includes Collected Press Articles on present cardinals, in various languages