'Collaborationism', as a
pejorative term, can describe the
treason of
cooperating with enemy
forces
occupying one's
country. As such it implies
criminal deeds in the service of the occupying
power, including
complicity with the occupying power in
murder,
persecutions,
pillage, and
economic exploitation as well as participation in a
puppet government.
The use of "
collaboration" to mean "traitorous cooperation with the enemy," dates from
1940, originally in reference to the
Vichy Regime in
France, and other
French people who helped
Nazi Germany. Since then, the words ''collaboration'' and ''collaborateur'' possibly have this very pejorative meaning in French (the shortened form ''collabo'' only has this pejorative meaning).
21 suspected
Baltic Nazi war criminals were admitted to
Sweden toward the end of
World War II and have been living there ever since. Among them were several people such as
Oskar Angelus, who established the
Estonian Security Police and served as director of internal affairs in the collaborationist Estonian administration -
Eesti Omavalitsus, and
Karlis Lobe, who founded the
Latvian Security Police battalions and headed the
Latvian Police in
Ventspils.
In Greece, General Tsolakoglou, who did not represent the Greek government in exile, signed the surrender of Greece in April 1941. Tsolakoglou was awarded for this contribution the leadership of the first Nazi-held puppet government in Athens. Tsolakoglou was followed by Logothetopoulos, who wished to create a Greek division for the Waffen-SS. Although he failed to, he helped some thousand die-hard fascists and national-socialist (some from the previous quasi-fascist regime of
Ioannis Metaxas of 1936-1941), anti-communist and anti-semite Greeks to volunteer and enroll in the German Army. The third Greek collaborationist regime was headed by
Ioannis Rallis.
The term in this negative meaning is also used for German individuals and institutions cooperating with the Nazi regime, though in their case it was not a foreign occupation, and later to people cooperating with or helping other dictatorial regimes in their own countries, even when foreign occupation was not involved.
== During
World War I, those accused of collaboration with
Allies included
==
Ottoman Empire
★
Drastamat Kanayan
★
Andranik Toros Ozanian
★
Karekin Pastirmaciyan
== During
World War II, those accused of collaboration with
Axis Powers included ==
Armenia
★
Drastamat Kanayan
Belarus
★
RadasÅ‚aÅ AstroÅski
★
Belarusian Central Rada
Belgium
★
Léopold III of Belgium
★
Léon Degrelle, founder of
Rexism and leader of the
5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien
★
Pierre Daye, Rexist journalist who later fled to
Argentina and helped other fascists and nazis to do the same
★
Hendrik Elias, from 1942 on leader of the
Flemish National Union
★
Jef van de Wiele leader of the
Deutsch-Vlämische Arbeitsgemeinschaft, a group advocating the annexation of
Flanders by
Nazi Germany
China
★ Nanjing Nationalist Government or
Wang Jingwei regime.
Croatia
★ The
Ustaše
Denmark
★
National Socialist Workers Party of Denmark (DNSAP, 31,000 members in 1943), under the leadership of
Frits Clausen
★ The
Danish Government under the occupation, including minister
Niels Ellegaard
★
Erik Scavenius, diplomat, minister of Foreign Affairs (1940-1943) and prime minister (1942-1944)
★
Karl I. Eskelund, former president of
Copenhagen's Journalists' Union and head of the Press Bureau of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which took care of
censorship throughout the German occupation.
★ Danish industries cooperating with Nazi Germany. These include
Arnold Peter Møller's
shipping companies and industrial activities (such as the
Odense Steel Shipyard, the
Bukh Motor Works and especially
''Riffelsyndikatet'', Denmark's largest weapon factory at the time), as well as cement producers
FLSmidth (
FLS Industries) and
Aalborg Portland.
★ The Danish agricultural sector as a whole, which voluntarily supplied
Nazi Germany on a commercial basis. Contracts were invoiced in
Danish kroner and transactions completed through the two countries'
national banks.
★ ''
Landbrugernes Sammenslutning'' (The Agricultural Association), with leaders Knud Bach and Jørgen Sehested.
★ ''
Bondepartiet'' (the Farmers' Party)
★
Frikorps Danmark, an estimated 6-10,000 Danish volunteers who fought on the Eastern Front, under commanders:
★
★ SS-Obersturmbannführer
Christian Peter Kryssing 19.7.1941 – 23.2.1942
★
★ SS-Obersturmbannführer
Christian Frederik von Schalburg 1.3.1942 – 2.6.1942
★
★ SS-Obersturmbannführer
Knud Børge Martinsen 11.6.1942 – 21.3.1943
★
★ SS-Sturmbannführer P. Neergard-Jacobsen 21.3.1943 – 20.5.1943
★
Dansk Folkeværn (a Nazi militia)
★ Grethe Bartram
★ Anna Lund Lorentzen
★
Hedvig Delbo
★
Johannes Rasmussen
★
Knud Flemming Helweg-Larsen
★
Tage Petersen
★
Ib Birkedal Hansen
★
Max Pelving
Estonia
★
Hjalmar Mäe
★
Oskar Angelus
★
Alfred Wendt (or Vendt)
★
Otto Leesment
★
Hans Saar
★
Oskar Öpik
★
Arnold Radik
★
Johannes Soodla
France
Main articles: Vichy France
★
Philippe Pétain, head of the "French state" (Vichy)
★
Pierre Laval, head of the "French state"
★
René Bousquet, head of the French police from May 1942 to December 1943
★
Joseph Darnand, head of the
Milice, successor of Bousquet as head of the police and founder of the ''
Service d'ordre légionnaire'' (SOL)
★
Jean Leguay, delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone," inculped of crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942 ''
Rafle du Vel'd'Hiv''
★
Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, Commissionner for Jewish Affairs of the Vichy government
★
Philippe Henriot, State Secretary of Information and Propaganda of Vichy
★
Maurice Papon, head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux (condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998)
★
Simon Sabiani, head of Doriot's PPF in Marseille
★
Paul Touvier, condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the Milice in Lyon's region
★
Xavier Vallat, Commissionner General for Jewish Questions
★
Jacques de Bernonville (1897-1972)
★
Marcel Bucard, founder of the ''
Mouvement franciste'' far-right league and of the ''
Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchévisme'' (LVF) (which was replaced by the
SS Charlemagne Division)
★
Marcel Déat, founder of the ''
Rassemblement national populaire'' (RNP) in 1941
★
Eugène Deloncle, co-founder of ''
La Cagoule'' right-wing terrorist group in 1935 and then of the fascist ''
Mouvement social révolutionnaire'' in 1940
★
Jacques Doriot, founder of the ''
Parti Populaire Français'' (PPF) and member of the LVF
★
Étienne Leandri, wore the Gestapo uniform during the war (participated in the creation of the Gaullist ''
Service d'Action Civique'' (SAC) in the 1960s
★
Robert Brasillach, writer
★
Louis-Ferdinand Céline, writer
★
Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, writer
★
Lucien Rebatet, writer
★
Charles Maurras, writer and founder of royalist movement ''
L'Action française''
★
Pierre Taittinger, chairman of the municipal council of Paris in 1943-44
★
Henri Lafont
★
Pierre Bonny (a.k.a. Pierre Bony)
Greece
★
Georgios Tsolakoglou
★
Konstantinos Logothetopoulos
★
Ioannis Rallis
★ The
Security Battalions
★
ESPO
Latvia
★
Viktors ArÄjs (
Arajs Commando)
★
Rudolfs Bangerskis
★
Gustavs Celminš
★
Oskars Dankers
★
Konrads Kalejs
Lithuania
★
Juozas AmbrazeviÄius
★
Algimantas DailidÄ—
★
Kazys Gimžauskas
★
Juozas Kisielaitis
★
Jonas Klimaitis
★
Petras Kubiliūnas
★
Aleksandras Lileikis
★
Kazys Skirpa
★
Ypatingasis būrys
★
Lithuanian Security Police
Netherlands
★
Jacob Luitjens
★
Anton Mussert
Norway
★
Vidkun Quisling
★
Knut Hamsun
Poland
★
Blue Police
★
Wacław Krzeptowski
★
Jozef Cukier
=== Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia (occupied western part of
Czechoslovakia) ===
★
Karl Hermann Frank
Russia
★
Pyotr Krasnov
★
Lokot Republic
★
Russian Liberation Army
★
Andrei Shkuro
★
Andrey Vlasov
★ "
Hilfswillige" or "Hiwi" Russians
★ "Osttruppen" Russian Security forces
★ "Ostlegionen"(Russian sections)
★ 29. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 1)
★ 30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 2)
★ Russkaya Ovsoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armija (RONA)
★ Waffen-Sturm-Brigade Kaminski
★
Kaminski Brigade
★ Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski
★ Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA
★
Russkaia Osvoboditelnaia Armiia (ROA)
★ Guard Corps Brigade of ROA
★ "
Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling" or "SS-Polizei-Bataillon-Siegling"
★ 2nd KNOR Division (600. (Russische) Infanterie-Division)
★ 1st KNOR Division (650. (Russische) Infanterie-Division)
★ 3rd KNOR Division (in development still at the end of the war)
★ Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 3 (Russians & Ukrainians)
★ Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 4 (Russians & Ukrainians)
★ Freiwillige SS reg. "Warager" (Wrangel SS Regiment)
★ 1st Russian National People Army (1st RNA, also known as "Boyarski Brigade")
★ "Sonderheadquarters R" (special headquarters Russia)
★ "Special division R" (12 training reconnaissance battalions)
★ 1064th Russian Grenadier Regiment of 599 Russian Brigade
★ 1st Russian National SS brigade "Drushina"
★
Russkiy Okhranniy Korpus
★ Otdel'niy Russkiy Korpus
★ Russisches Schutzkorps or Russisches Schutzkorps Serbien (Russian Units in Balkans area)
★ Russian fighter volunteers in "Fehrbellin Platz", Berlin
'Russian volunteers in the German Air Force'
Was equipped with German and captured Soviet aircraft including:
Arado Ar 66C,
Gotha Go 145C,
Polikarpov U-2 VS(Po-2) or
Yakovlev Yak UT-2 (AIR-20) between other types for making night land attacks against
Red Army lines in Eastern front. Their command HQ was detached in Minsk, Belarus.
★ 1.Ostfl.St.(Russische) (Eastern volunteers Sqdn.) (Minsk)
★ 1/NSGr.1 (Russische) (Kovno)
★ 2/NSGr.1 (Russische) (Kovno)
★ Stab I./Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch.Div. (Russische) (Borisov)
★ Russisch Lehr Fl. Div. (Air Training operative Div). (Borisov)
★ 2/Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch Div. (Russische) (Borisov)
★ 3/Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch.Div. (Russische) (Borisov)
★ 1/Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch.Div. (Russische) (Dubinskaya)
'Russian volunteers in Japanese forces'
★ ''Asano Division'' unit in Kwantung Army
★ ''Russian Fascist Party Guards''
★ ''Russian Monarquic Party Corps''
★ ''Russian agents at service of Japanese and Manchu secret service in Manchukuo''
'Russen (Russia) propaganda news'
★ ''Dobrovoletz''(''Der Freiwillige'') - Russian volunteer units
★ ''Novoye Slovo'' Official political news of Andrei Vlasov, in Berlin
'Loyalty Pledge of Osten (Slavs) volunteers'
★ ''Ostlegionäre der Wehrmacht''
"''Ich schwöre bei Gott diesen heiligen Eid, dass ich im Kampf gegen die bolschewistischen Feinde meiner Heimat dem Obersten Befehlshaber der Deutschen Wehrmacht, Adolf Hitler, unbedingten Gehorsam leisten und als tapferer Soldat bereit sein will, jederzeit für diesen Eid mein Leben einzusetzen''."
Idel-Ural
★
Tatar Legion
Caucasus
★
1940-1944 Chechnya insurgency
Serbia
★
Milan Nedić
Slovakia
★
Jozef Tiso
★
Vojtech Tuka
★
Alexander Mach
★
Jozef Turanec
★
Ferdinand Čatloš
Slovenia
★
Leon Rupnik
Ukraine
★
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
★
Oleksander Ohloblyn
★
Fedir Bohatyrchuk
During World War II, those accused of collaboration with Soviets and Allies included
Lithuania
★
Antanas Merkys - puppet Premier Minister of Lithuania
★
Antanas SnieÄkus - First Secretary of the Lithuanian Communist Party
★
Justas Paleckis - puppet Premier Minister of Lithuania
★
SalomÄ—ja NÄ—ris - representative in the so-called
People’s Parliament
★
Antanas Venclova - representative in the so-called
People’s Parliament
★
Vincas KrÄ—vÄ—-MickeviÄius - member of unconstitutional People's Government of Lithuania
★
Communist Party of Lithuania
In fiction
★
Collaborators (V TV series), humans who helped the aliens take over Earth in the
V (TV series) television series.
★ In
Battlestar Galactica, the season 3 episode
Collaborators concerns the process of an occupied civilization dealing with members of their own society who had collaborated with the
Cylons during the occupation of
New Caprica.
★ In , any
Bajoran who helped the
Cardassians in the 50-year
Cardassian Occupation Occupation of
Bajor were called 'Collaborators', and any members of the collaborator government during the Occupation were forever exiled, as is the case with Secretary Kubus Oak. This was heavily laid in throughout the series, particularly in
The Collaborator.
Bibliography
★ David Littlejohn, 1972. ''
The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45'', William Heinemann Ltd. (Mayfair, London), 391-page hardcover (ISBN 0-434-42725-X).
See also
★
Anti-fascism
★
Collaboration during World War II
★
Dhimmi (pejorative sense)
★
Puppet government
★
Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
★
Quisling
★
Resistance during World War II
★
Treason
★
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