A 'code name' or 'cryptonym' is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word. Code names are often used for
military purposes, or in
espionage. They may also be used in
industry to protect secret projects and the like from business rivals.
Proliferation of code names in World War II
In the
Second World War, code names common to the
Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case code names were administered and controlled by ISSB (The Inter-Services Security Board) staffed by the
War Office with the word list generated and randomised by
GC&CS (later
GCHQ). This procedure was co-ordinated with the USA when America entered the war. Random lists of code names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Code words became available for re-use after six months and unused allocations could be re-assigned at discretion and according to need. Judicious selection from the available allocation could result in clever meanings and result in an
aptronym or
backronym, although policy was to select words that had no obviously deducible connection with what they were supposed to be concealing. Those for the major
conference meetings had a partial naming sequence referring to devices or instruments which had an
ordinal number as part of their meaning, eg the third meeting was "TRIDENT". The ruler of the
Soviet Union, who had given himself the name "
Stalin", meaning "man of steel", was given the code name "GLYPTIC", meaning "an image carved out of stone".
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★ Reference:
Glossary of Code Names from
U. S. Army in
World War II - Washington Command Post: The Operations Division
:
★
WWII Allied Operations
:
★
Abbreviations, Acronyms, Codewords, Terms Appearing in WW II Histories and Documents
:
★ Information from original files held at formerly
The Public Record Office which hold the publicly available records of central government for the
UK
German code names
Ewen Montagu, a British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in ''Beyond Top Secret Ultra'' that during
World War II,
Nazi Germany habitually used ad hoc code names as
nicknames which frequently openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function.
List of German code names:
★ Golfplatz (German: Golfcourse) — England - employed by the
Abwehr
★ Samland — The United States (From
Uncle Sam)- employed by the
Abwehr
★
Heimdall (A God whose power was "to see for a hundred miles") — long range radar.
★
Wotan (
one-eyed God) — Based on nothing more than this and the knowledge it was a radar system,
R.V. Jones, a British scientist working for
Air Intelligence of the British
Air Ministry and
SIS assumed that it used a single beam and from that determined the system it would have to use. His shrewd assessment was exactly correct. A counter-system was quickly created which made Wotan useless.
★
Operation Seelöwe (
Sealion) — Plans to invade Britain (The
Royal Coat of Arms of England depicting three lions passant guardant).
★
Operation Barbarossa (
Frederick Barbarossa who went east on a crusade) — Plans to go east and invade the Soviet Union.
★
Operation Weserübung (Crossing the
Weser) — Plans to invade
Norway via
Denmark.
By comparison as a result of the German practice and relative ease of deciphering some element of its content in the post War period the British Ministry of Supply adopted the
Rainbow Codes system which randomly combined a color and a noun (from a list) to create the name for projects. Though memorable the names were unrelated to content.
Ironic code names of other powers
Britain and the United States developed the security policy of assigning code names intended to give no such clues to the uninitiated. For example, the British counter measures against the
V-2 was called ''
Operation Crossbow''. The
atomic bomb project centered in
New Mexico was called the
Manhattan Project. The code name for the American
SR-71 spy plane project, producing the fastest, highest-flying aircraft in the world, was ''Oxcart''. The American group that planned that country's first
ICBM was called the Teapot Committee.
Although the word could stand for a menace to shipping (in this case, that of Japan) the American code name for the attack on the steamy jungle island of
Okinawa in WWII was ''
Operation Iceberg''. And the Russian code name for the project to base missiles in Cuba was that named after their closest bomber base to the US (just across the Bering Strait from Nome, Alaska), ''
Operation Anadyr''. The names of colors are generally avoided in British and American practice to avoid confusion with meteorological reporting practices.
Aircraft recognition reporting names
Although the names of the German and Italian aircraft were not given code names by their Allied opponents, there was a series begun using names common among local people in the backwoods of the US, but considered ludicrous in the cities, for the Japanese aircraft: for example, "Zeke" for the Mitsubishi
A6M Rei-sen (in practice, "Zeke" is a bad example of a reporting name, the aircraft was usually called a "Zero" by both American and Japanese).
Such a name differs from
the system used by the Royal Air Force for its own planes, which the name is the official designation by which the aircraft is referred by the service, or that used by the US services, in which the name is not really necessary, for it is the alphanumeric sequence which is official, and the troops can give the craft their own nickname anyway. It also differs from the secret code names given by a service to projects under development. However, it differs from the other use of code names in the more fundamental way that it doesn't have to be kept secret, but is a way of standardizing description. Alliterative series based on the names of the aircraft manufacturer were common, eg
Bristol Bombay or
Vickers Valiant.
The policy of recognition reporting names was continued into the
Cold War for Soviet, other Warsaw Pact, and Communist Chinese aircraft. Although this was started for the airplane spotters in the service of the English-speaking allies (the Air Standards Co-ordinating Committee), it was extended throughout NATO as the
NATO reporting name for aircraft, rockets and missiles. These names were considered by the Soviets as being like a nickname given to one's unit by the opponents in a battle, such as the US Marines were called by the Germans in France "Devil Dogs", which they appreciated as a feather in their cap. The Soviets did not like the
Sukhoi 25 getting the code name "Frogfoot."
The sequence by which a code name was given is as follows: aerial or space reconnaissance would note a new aircraft at a base, say "Ramenskoye". The intelligence units would give it an abbreviation of the base, then a letter, for example, "Ram-A". Missiles were given designations like "TT-5", for the fifth rocket seen at
Tyura-Tam. When more information resulted in knowing a bit about what a missile was used for, it would be given a designation like "SS-6". Finally, when either an aircraft or a missile was able to be photographed with "a hand-held camera", instead of a reconnaissance aircraft, it was given a name like "
Flanker" or "
Scud" -- always an English word, as international pilots worldwide are required to learn English. The Soviet manufacturer or designation has nothing to do with it, and can even be mistaken by the Allies.
Jet-powered aircraft received two-syllable names (like
Foxbat), while propeller aircraft were designated with short names (like Bull). Fighter names began with an 'F,' bombers with a 'B,' cargo aircraft with a 'C.' Training aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft were grouped under the word "miscellaneous," and received 'M.' The same convention applies to missiles, with air launched ground attack missiles beginning with the letter "K" and surface-to-surface missiles (ranging from ICBMs to antitank rockets) with the letter "S", Air-to-Air Missiles "A", and Surface-to-Air Missiles "G".
Tank code names
Just as the
RAF required a name for its official designation of an aircraft, even when the supplier (the US, for example) did not supply one, so too did the British Army require a name for a tank. The
M3 series of tanks were given the code names ''Grant'' and ''Lee'' by the latter, after the American Civil War generals. This is the origin of the later US habit of naming tanks after generals. The French have continued this with the
Leclerc. For their own part, postwar the British settled into a system of giving tanks names that begin with the letter ''C'', a process that had started with their
Cruiser tanks.
Churchill on code names for military operations
In a minute on
August 8, 1943
Winston Churchill wrote to
General "Pug" Ismay, Military Secretary of the Defence Committee of the
British Cabinet:
"Operations in which large numbers of men may lose their lives ought not to be decided by code-words that imply a boastful and over-confident sentiment, such as "Triumphant," or conversely, which are calculated to invest the plan with an air of despondency, such as "Woebetide" and "Flimsy." They ought not to be names of a frivolous character, such as "Bunnyhug" and "Ballyhoo." They should not be ordinary words often used in other connections, such as "Flood," "Sudden," and "Supreme." Names of living people (ministers or commanders) should be avoided. Intelligent thought will already supply an unlimited number of well-sounding names that do not suggest the character of the operation or disparage it in any way and do not enable some widow or mother to say that her son was killed in an operation called "Bunnyhug" or "Ballyhoo." Proper names are good in this field. The heroes of antiquity, figures from Greek and Roman mythology, the constellations and stars, famous racehorses, names of British and American war heroes, could be used, provided they fall within the rules above."
Military operations since Churchill
Throughout the Second World War, the British allocation practice favored one-word code names (
Jubilee,
Frankton). That of the Americans favored longer compound words, although the name
Overlord was personally chosen by
Winston Churchill himself. Many examples of both types can be cited, as can exceptions.
Presently, British forces tend to use one-word names, presumably in keeping with their post-World War 2 policy of reserving single words for operations and two-word names for exercises. Americans prefer two-word names. The Canadians and Australians use either. The French military currently prefer names drawn from nature (such as colors or the names of animals). The American CIA uses alphabetical prefixes to designate the part of the agency supporting an operation.
In many cases with US the first word of the name has to do with the intent of the program, programs with HAVE as the first word, such as HAVE BLUE for the stealth fighter development, are developmental programs, not meant to produce a production aircraft, while programs that start with Senior, such as Senior Trend for the F-117, are for aircraft in testing meant to enter production.
In the US, code names are commonly set entirely in upper case. This is not done in other countries - though for the UK in British documents the code name is in upper case while operation is shortened to OP eg "Op. TELIC"
This presents an opportunity for a bit of public-relations (
Operation Just Cause), or for controversy over the naming choice (Operation Infinite Justice, renamed
Operation Enduring Freedom). Computers are now used to aid in the selection. And further, there is a distinction between the ''secret'' names during former wars and the ''published'' names of recent ones.
Operation Desert Shield was what the build-up in Saudi Arabia was blatantly referred to in the press, before war was declared. During this time, "Desert Storm" was secret. When the war broke out, the name
Operation Desert Storm -- but not the tactical details -- was also broken to the press.
Another reason for the use of code names in the military is that they transmit with lower entropy over a walkie-talkie or radio link than actual names.
Famous military and espionage code names
★
Operation Anthropoid - assassination of top Nazi
Reinhard Heydrich in
Prague
★
Operation Barbarossa - German invasion of
Soviet Union
★
Operation Overlord - Allied invasion of Normandy
★
Manhattan Project (with
Trinity,
Little Boy, and
Fat Man) - Early US
nuclear weapons program during
World War II
★
MKULTRA - CIA project (an attempt at "mind control")
★
Tube Alloys - British nuclear program
★
Operation Sealion - planned invasion of Britain by
Adolf Hitler which was never carried out.
Commercial code names in the computer industry
Code names are also commonplace in the
computer world where products are informally given names during development. These names are usually only meant for use inside the company, and are dropped once the product is given an official designation under which it is to be marketed to the public. In recent years there has been a growing tendency of computer companies to make their code names more public and more prominent. For example,
Apple Computer's most recent operating system,
Mac OS X, is publicly marketed by its versions' code names:
Cheetah,
Puma,
Jaguar,
Panther,
Tiger and the upcoming
Leopard, expected to be released in the Autumn of 2007.
Microsoft Windows Vista was initially identified publicly by its code name
Longhorn, with
Windows XP being
Whistler, and Media Center Edition 2004 and 2005 being Harmony and Symphony, respectively.
A 'project code name' is a code name (usually a single word, short phrase or
acronym) which is given to a
project being developed by
industry,
academia,
government, and other concerns.
Reasons for a project code name
Project code names are typically used for several reasons:
★ To uniquely identify the project within the organization. Code names are frequently chosen to be outside the normal business/domain jargon that the organization uses, in order to not conflict with established terminology.
★ To assist with maintaining
secrecy of the project against rival concerns. Some corporations routinely change project names in order to further confuse competitors.
★ When the goal of the project is to develop one or more commercial ''products'', use of a code name allows the eventual choice of product nomenclature (the name the product(s) are marketed and sold under) to be decoupled from the development effort. This is especially important when one project generates multiple products, or multiple projects are needed to produce a single product. This allows for ''subprojects'' to be given a separate identity from the main project.
★ As a political tool by management, to decouple an early phase of a development effort (which may have failed) from a subsequent phase (which may be given a "fresh start").
★ To prevent casual observers from concluding that a pre-release version is a new release of the product, thus helping reduce confusion.
Different organizations have different policies regarding the use and publication of project code names. Some companies take great pains to ''never'' discuss or disclose project code names outside of the company (other than with outside entities who have a need to know, and typically are bound with a
non-disclosure agreement). Other companies never use them in official or formal communications, but widely disseminate project code names through informal channels (often in an attempt to create a marketing "buzz" for the project). Still others (such as
Microsoft) discuss code names publicly, and routinely use project code names on beta releases and such, but remove them from final product(s). At the other end of the spectrum,
Apple Computer has recently been including the project code names for
Mac OS X as part of the official product name.
Well-known project code names
★
Microsoft often names projects (in particular, versions of the
Microsoft Windows operating systems) after place names. Examples include 'Chicago' (
Windows 95), 'Daytona' (
Windows NT 3.5), 'Longhorn' (
Windows Vista), 'Memphis' (
Windows 98), 'Whistler' (
Windows XP), and 'Cairo' (originally thought to be
Windows NT 4.0, though many observers now believe that Cairo never turned into a project). See
Microsoft codenames.
★
Intel often names CPU projects after
rivers in the American West, particularly in the state of
Oregon (where most of Intel's CPU projects are designed). Examples include 'Willamette', 'Deschutes', 'Yamhill', 'Tualatin', and 'Clackamas'. See
List of Intel codenames.
★
AMD have also been naming their
90 nm and
65 nm CPUs under the
K8 micro-architecture after the name of cities around the world. For the CPUs under the
Phenom brand, name of stars will be used as code names. Examples such as:-
★
★ Single-core
Athlon 64 and
Athlon 64 FX : 'Newcastle', 'Venice', 'San Diego', and 'Lima'
★
★ Dual-core
Athlon 64 X2 and
Athlon 64 FX: 'Manchester', 'Windsor' and 'Brisbane'
★
★ Phenom CPUs: 'Altair', 'Antares', 'Arcturus' and 'Spica'
★
Apple Computer has named the various major releases of
Mac OS X after
big cats, such as 'Jaguar', 'Tiger', 'Panther' and 'Leopard'. Also a redesign of Mac OS had the code name
Copland, after
composer Aaron Copland.
★
Nintendo often uses code names for new consoles. The best-known is that of
Wii, which was code named 'Revolution ' for over a year. Others include the
GameCube's code name of 'Dolphin, ' the
Game Boy Advance's code name of '
Atlantis ', the
Nintendo 64 as 'Project Reality, ' the
DS code name 'Project Nitro, ' the
Game Boy Micro code name 'Oxy ', and
Wii Fit's code name 'Wii Health Pack '.
★ The
United States government referred to the project to develop the
atomic bomb as the
Manhattan Project; the A-bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki were respectively known as
Little Boy and
Fat Man.
★
Mozilla code named
Mozilla Firefox 2.0, "Bon Echo", and 3.0 "Gran Paradiso".
See also
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Pseudonym, the term for a code name when applied to a single person.
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Code word
★
CIA cryptonym
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Military Operations listed by Codename
★
Microsoft codenames
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NATO reporting name
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NATO phonetic alphabet
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Rainbow Codes
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Classified information in the United States
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-onym - for others similar to cryptonym
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Working title
External links
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Code Names for U.S. Military Projects and Operations
★
Code Names: A Look Behind Secret U.S. Military Plans in the Middle East, Africa and at Home - Broadcast on ''
Democracy Now!'' January 27, 2005.
★
List of codes names used by Apple Computer Inc. for many of their products during development
★
Various Microsoft product codenames from over the years.
★
Apple Computer internal product codenames
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