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'Cluj-Napoca' (pronunciation in Romanian: ; ; ; ; ; ; , ), until 1974 ''Cluj'', is a city in north-western Romania and the seat of Cluj County. The city, one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centres in the country, is located in the historic province of Transylvania, being also its historic capital, and is approximately 440 km north-west of Bucharest, in the valley of the Someşul Mic river.

Contents

Etymology

History

Politics

Population

Population dynamics

Famous natives/inhabitants of Cluj

Administration

Cluj-Napoca administrative areas

Cityhall

Prefecture and County Board

Arts and culture

Economy

Transport

Air

Rail

Road

Public transport

Education

Modern architecture

Sports teams

Football (soccer)

Rugby

Volleyball

Basketball

Handball

Waterpolo

Women's soccer

Foreign relations

Sister cities

Legations

Tourism

Main sights

Gallery

See also

External links

Notes

Etymology

The first written mention of its name was in 1213 under the Latin name ''Castrum Clus''. However ''CLUS'' as a county name appeared earlier in 1173 as ''Thomas comes Clusiensis''.
There are several theories concerning the origin of the name:

★ The word ''Clus'' means "closed" in Latin, and is related to the hills that surround the city.

★ from the Slavic ''kluè'' (meaning key)

★ from German, either from the name ''Klaus'', or from the word ''Klause'' (meaning mountain pass, or weir - from ''clusa'').

★ from its first magistrate Miklos/Miklus/Kolos -> Klus
The Hungarian form was recorded first time in 1246: Kulusuar; 1250: Culuswar; 1275: Clwsuar; 1297: Cluswar; 1299 Klusvar; 1315 Clusuar; 1332: Koloswar.
In 1348 appeared its Saxon name ''Clusenburg'', ''Clusenbvrg'', since 1408 the form Clausenburg was used.
The first Romanian name of the city was 'Cluş', also written as ''Klus''.
Klausenburg was one of the seven medieval fortified Saxon cities of Siebenbürgen (meaning seven fortresses) in Transylvania.
The city became known by the Romanian variant name 'Cluj' after becoming part of the Kingdom of Romania in 1918. The city's name was changed to Cluj-Napoca in 1974 by the Romanian communist authorities.

History

After the Roman Empire conquered Dacia at the beginning of the 2nd century, Trajan established a legion camp known as ''Napoca''. Hadrian raised Napoca to the status of a municipium, naming it ''Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca''. The locality was later raised to the status of a colonia, probably during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Napoca became a provincial capital of Provincia Porolissensis and the seat of a procurator. However, during the Migrations Period Napoca was overrun and destroyed.
In the 10th century, the region was settled by the Magyars (Hungarians) and became part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
The Mongol invasion destroyed the old plank fortress and also the surrounding village. A new castle and a village was built in a new place (present-day Memorandului and Emil Isac street) in the late 13th century. Crown Prince Stephen Duke of Transylvania encouraged the Transylvanian Saxons to settle down in the new village in 1272.
In 1270 Kuluzsvar (the castle and the village) was donated (so thus degraded) to the bishopric of Transylvania. In 1316 received town privileges from Charles I of Hungary and to the memory of this event they began building the Saint Michael Church. In 1331 the voivode of Transylvania lost his supremacy over Kuluzsvar. Kolozsvar-Klausenburg became a free royal city in 1405. By this time the number of Saxon and Hungarian inhabitants was equal, and King Matthias Corvinus (born in Klausenburg in 1440) ordered that the office of the chief judge should be alternating between Hungarians and Saxons.
In 1541 Klausenburg became part of the independent Principality of Transylvania after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Hungarian Kingdom. Although Alba Iulia served as political capital for the princes of Siebenbürgen (Transylvania), Klausenburg was the main cultural and religious centre for the principality. Prince Stefan Batory founded a Jesuit academy in Klausenburg in 1581. Between 1545 and 1570 large numbers of Germans (Saxons) left the city due to the introduction of Unitarian doctrines,. The remaining assimilated with Hungarians, and the city became a centre for Hungarian nobility and intellectuals. With the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, Klausenburg became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
The first Hungarian-language newspaper was published in Klausenburg in 1791, and the first Hungarian theatrical company was established in 1792. In 1798 the city was heavily damaged by a fire.
From 1790-1848 and 1861-1867, Klausenburg was the capital of the Grand Principality of Siebenbürgen within the Austrian Empire; the city was also the seat of the Transylvanian diets. Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality. During the Revolutions of 1848, Klausenburg was taken and garrisoned in December by Hungarians under the command of the Polish general Józef Bem.
After the Ausgleich (compromise) which created Austria-Hungary in 1867, Klausenburg and Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Kolozsvár was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom, and was the seat of Kolozs County. In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and therefore prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name in official government documents.^[1]
After World War I, Cluj became part of the Kingdom of Romania, along with the rest of Transylvania. In 1940 Cluj was returned to Hungary through the Second Vienna Award, but Hungarian forces in the city were defeated by the Soviet and Romanian armies in October 1944. Cluj was restored to Romania by the Treaty of Paris in 1947.
Cluj had 16,763 inhabitants of Jewish ancestry in 1941. After Hungary's German occupation in March 1944, the city's Jews were forced into ghettos under conditions of intense overcrowding and practically no facilities. Liquidation of the ghetto occurred through six deportations to Auschwitz between May and June 1944. Despite facing severe sanctions from the Horthy administration, many Jews escaped across the border to Romania with the assistance of Romanian peasants of neighboring villages. They were then able to flee Europe from the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanţa. Other Jews originating from East European countries were helped to escape from Europe by an Anti-Nazi group led by the Jewish Joint and Romanian politicians in Cluj and Bucharest. The leader of this network, between 1943 and 1944, was Raoul Şorban.
Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s, when Romanians outnumbered Hungarians. According to the 1966 census, the city's population of 185,663 was composed of 56% Romanians and 41% Hungarians. Until 1974 the official Romanian name of the city was Cluj. It was renamed to Cluj-Napoca by the Communist government to recognize it as the site of the Roman colony Napoca. Some believe this was done to slight the Hungarian community by emphasizing that the Romanian community descends from romanized Dacians.
Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the nationalist politician Gheorghe Funar became mayor and ruled for the next 12 years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and anti-Hungarian ideas. A number of public art projects were undertaken by the city with the aim of highlighting Romanian symbols of the city, most of them regarded by Hungarian ethnics as a way of obscuring the city's Hungarian ancestry. In June 2004 Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office. He was replaced by Emil Boc of the Democratic Party. The laws on municipal bilingualism have not been applied in administration as the 2002 city census showed less than 20% Hungarians.
In 1994 and 2000, Cluj-Napoca hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). It thus made Romania not only the first country to have hosted the CEOI, but also the first country to have hosted it a second time.
The city is known in Hasidic Jewish history for the founding of the Sanz-Klausenburg dynasty.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Cluj-Napoca

The mayor of Cluj-Napoca is Emil Boc, the leader of the Democratic Party, ex-FSN.
The Cluj-Napoca Municipal Council, elected in the 2004 local government elections, is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition:

	Party	Seats	Current Council
	Justice and Truth Alliance	'12'
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	'6'
	Social Democratic Party	'5'
	Greater Romania Party	'3'
	Independents	'1'

The most important parties at Cluj are Partidul Naţional Liberal, Partidul Democrat (ex-FSN), Partidul Social Democrat, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc Creştin-Democrat (PNŢCD), Partidul România Mare, Uniunea Democratǎ a Maghiarilor din România, Partidul Conservator

Population

From the Middle Ages onwards, the city of Cluj has been a multicultural city with a diverse cultural and religious life. As of 2002 the city's population was 317,953 (ranked third in Romania after the capital Bucharest and Iaşi)
The ethnic composition, according to the '2002' census, is:

★ 252,433 Romanians (79.4%)

★ 60,287 Hungarians (18.9%)

★ 1% Roma, 0.23% Germans and 0.06% Jews.

Population dynamics

Official Censuses show the following population dynamics:

★ 1850: '||' 19 612 (Romanians: 21.0%, Hungarians: 62.8%)

★ 1880: '|||' 32 831 (Romanians: 17.1%, Hungarians: 72.1%)

★ 1890: '||||' 37 184 (Romanians: 15.2%, Hungarians: 79.1%)

★ 1900: '|||||' 50 908 (Romanians: 14.1%, Hungarians: 81.1%)

★ 1910: '||||||' 62 733 (Romanians: 14.2%, Hungarians: 81.6%) (After Transylvania united with Romania in 1918-1920, an exile of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also the city grew and many people moved to the town from the surrounding area and Cluj county, populated largely by Romanians).

★ 1920: '|||||||||' 85 509 (Romanians: 34.7%, Hungarians: 49.3%)

★ 1930: '||||||||||' 103 840 (Romanians: 35.7%, Hungarians: 46.5%) (In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, an exile of Romanian inhabitants occurred.)

★ 1941: '|||||||||||' 114 984 (Romanians: 9.8%, Hungarians 85.7%)(The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian forces and deported to Auschwitz between May and June 1944.)

★ 1948: '||||||||||||' 117 915 (Romanians: 40%, Hungarians: 57%)

★ 1956: '|||||||||||||||' 154 723 (Romanians: 47.8%, Hungarians: 47.9%) (In the sixties a very strong policy of Industrialization started. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) were moved into the city. As a consequence, for the first time in its long history, Cluj had a Romanian majority.)

★ 1966: '|||||||||||||||||||' 185 663 (Romanians: 56.5%, Hungarians: 41.4%)

★ 1977: '||||||||||||||||||||||||||' 262 858 (Romanians: 65.8%, Hungarians: 32.8%)

★ 1992: '|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||' 328 602 (Romanians: 76.6%, Hungarians: 22.7%)

★ 2002: '||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||' 318 027 (Romanians: 79.5%, Hungarians: 18.9%)
Source: Varga E. Árpád: Ethnical and religious statistics for Transylvania

Famous natives/inhabitants of Cluj

★ Ion Agârbiceanu - novelist

★ Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania - Orthodox bishop

★ Oana Ban - gymnast and Olympic Champion

★ Dezső Bánffy - prime minister of Hungary

★ Miklós Bánffy - politician and novelist

★ Lucian Blaga - philosopher, poet

★ Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam - Founding Grand Rebbe of the Klausenberg Chassidic Dynasty.

★ István Bocskay - prince of Transylvania

★ János Bolyai - mathematician

★ Alexandru Borza - scientist, founder of the Botanical Garden

★ The Cheeky Girls - pop duo

★ Corneliu Coposu - politician (National Peasants' Party)

★ Doina Cornea - anti-communist dissident, human rights activist and politician (National Peasants' Party)

★ Mathias Corvinus - King of Hungary

★ Hadrian Daicoviciu - professor and historian

★ Ferenc Dávid - Protestant reformer, founder of the Unitarian Church in Transylvania

★ Horia Demian - basketball player

★ Gheorghe Dima - composer, musician, professor

★ Gheorghe Funar - nationalist politician (Greater Romania Party)

★ Onisifor Ghibu - historian, moralist, politician

★ Ionel Haiduc - professor, President of the Romanian Academy

★ Emil Haţieganu - politician

★ Iuliu Haţieganu - scientist, doctor, politician (National Peasants' Party)

★ Iuliu Hossu - Greek-Catholic cardinal, participant at the Alba Iulia National Assembly on December 1, 1918

★ Ioan Lupaş - historian, theologist, politician, member of the Romanian Academy, representative in the Alba Iulia National Assembly

★ Iuliu Maniu - politician (National Peasants' Party)

★ Andrei Marga - politician and philosopher

★ Iuliu Merca - artist

★ Crişan Mircioiu - doctor and professor

★ Dorinel Munteanu - football player

★ Gheorghe Mureşan - basketball player

★ Ioan Gyuri Pascu - artist

★ Ştefan Pascu - historian, professor

★ Florin Piersic - actor

★ David Prodan - historian,professor

★ Emil Racoviţă - biologist, speleologist and explorer

★ Ion Raţiu - politician (National Peasants' Party)

★ Sándor Reményik - poet

★ Dumitru D. Roşca - philosopher

★ Stefan Ruha - violinist

★ István Szamosközy - historian

★ Ioan Ovidiu Sabău - football player

★ Raoul Cornel Toma Şorban - art historian and professor, holder of the Righteous Among the Nations title

★ Alexandru Vaida-Voievod - politician,(National Peasants' Party)

★ Dr.Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger - chief Rabbi of Cluj

Administration

Cluj-Napoca administrative areas

The city contains over 15 districts, some of them with their own local administrative structure (townhall). The city townhall intend to develop local administrative structures for most of the districts.


★ Andrei Mureşanu

★ Bulgaria

★ Bună Ziua

★ Centru

★ Dâmbul Rotund

★ Gheorgheni

★ Grădinile Mănăştur

★ Grigorescu

★ Gruia

★ Iris

★ Între Lacuri

★ Mănăştur

★ Mărăşti

★ Someşeni

★ Zorilor
Because of the last years' massive city development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts. Most of them are still building yards:

★ Sopor district, placed in ''Sopor'' colony area.

★ Borhanci district, placed in ''Borhanci'' colony area.

★ Becaş district, placed in ''Becaş'' colony area.

★ Făget district, placed in ''Făget'' colony area.

★ Zorilor South district, placed in ''Observatorului South'' area.
Beside these, there are some other building areas like ''Tineretului'', ''Lombului'' or ''Oser'', which are likely to become districts in the following years.

Cityhall

Mayor of Cluj is the democrate Emil Boc, representing the PNL-PD alliance. Vicemayors are: Adrian Popa (PNL) and Boros János (UDMR). The local coalition is composed from PNL, PD and UDMR.

Prefecture and County Board

The two institutions administration board was decided after 2004 alections:

★ ''Prefect:'' Alin Tişe (''none''; PD, until 2006)

★ ''County Board:'' Marius-Petre Nicoară (PNL)

Arts and culture

An important cultural centre, Cluj-Napoca has many museums, theatres, and the like.
The Lucian Blaga National Theatre, opened on 1 December 1919 in Avram Iancu Square, is the most important theatre in Transylvania. The building, designed by the Austrian architects Helmer and Fellner was built in 1904-1906 to house the Hungarian National Theatre. The building also hosts the Romanian Opera, the oldest lyrics and dramatics institution in Romania. The Hungarian Theatre and Opera in Cluj was moved in 1919 to a smaller building where it remains to this day.
In the Bánffy Palace, where the National Art Museum is located, many notable artists are on display: Romanian painters Nicolae Grigorescu, Ştefan Luchian, and Dimitrie Paciurea, as well as foreign painters such as Constantin David Rosenthal or Karl Storck. Other museums: include the National Transylvanian History Museum, the Pharmacy Museum, the Village Museum, and the Geology and the Zoological Museum.
In Cluj-Napoca there are also the following foreign culture centres:

★ French Cultural Centre

★ J.F. Kennedy American Cultural Center

★ British Cultural Centre

★ German Cultural Centre

★ Italian Cultural Centre

★ The Japanese Centre of Art and Culture

★ Indian Cultural Centre
Since 1955 Cluj has also hosted the Transylvania National Philharmonica.
On June 3, 2006, the MTV România Music Award ceremony took place in Cluj.
One of the main cultural events that takes place in Cluj-Napoca is the Transilvania International Film Festival (official site). The Gay Film Nights festival, showcasing LGBT culture and cinema, is also organised annually in Cluj-Napoca by Be An Angel, the city's largest LGBT rights organisation.

Economy

Cluj-Napoca is an important economic centre in Romania. Famous local brands that have become well known at a national, or even international level, include: Banca Transilvania, Farmec, Jolidon, Napolact, and Ursus breweries.
The city has also become an important IT sector centre, with over 100 software companies and two universities that provide quality graduate engineers. Nokia will invest 200 million euros in a mobile telephone factory and a research centre in Cluj.^[2] The final discussion between representatives of the County Council and those of the Finnish group were held on March 20, 2007 after the decision was made to invest in Romania. "Given that demand for mobile phones is seeing a steady increase, Nokia has looked into opportunities of increasing its production capacities in order to meet the growing demand from customers". Ericsson is also in discussions to open a plant here.^[3] On March 26, 2007 a memorandum was signed between Nokia and Cluj County Board, in the presence of Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu prime-minister.^[4]
British investment and financial services group Dawnay Day, owner of the Brasov-based commercial centre MacroMall, says it will invest 135 million euros in two real estate projects in Cluj-Napoca. The first project, which has started construction on the site of the former Tricotaje Somesul plant located in Cluj-Napoca city centre, amounts to 85 million euros. The project will include a four-star hotel, a business centre with a total surface area of 10,000 square metres, as well as some 32,000 square metres of retail space. The Tricotaje Somesul plant held an 18,000 square-metre plot of land in the area.^[5]
Cluj-Napoca is also an important regional commercial centre, with shopping centres and hypermarkets like: Ambient, Baumax, Billa, Central, Cora, Kaufland, Plus, Praktiker, Profi, Metro, Selgros, Sigma Center, Sora. Three shopping malls, ''Iulius'', ''Polus Centre'' and ''Atrium''^[6] are also currently under construction, as well as three hypermarkets: ''Auchan'', ''Carrefour'' and ''Real''.

Transport

Cluj-Napoca is very well served in terms of transport and infrastructure for Romanian city standards, being an important element of the national air, rail and road transport networks.

Air

The Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ), located 9 km to the east of the city centre, is the fourth busiest airport in Romania, after the two Bucharest airports (OTP and BBU) and Timisoara airport. Situated on the European route E576 (Cluj-Napoca - Dej), the airport is connected to the city centre by the local public transport company, RATUC, bus number 8. The airport servers direct destinations like Bucharest,Venice, Barcelona, Valencia, Budapest, Bologna, Frankfurt, Madrid, Milan and Vienna.

Rail

The Cluj-Napoca Main Rail Station, located about 2 km to the north of the city centre, is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 300 (Bucharest - Oradea - Romanian Western Border) and on the Line 401 (Cluj-Napoca - Dej). CFR provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to Budapest. The rail station is very well connected to all the parts of the city by the trams, trolleybuses and buses of the local public transport company, RATUC.
The city is also served by two other secondary rail stations, the ''Little Station'' (Romanian: ''Gara Micǎ'') and ''Cluj-Napoca East''.

Road

Cluj-Napoca is an important node in the European road network, being on three different European routes (E60, E81 and E576). At a national level, Cluj-Napoca is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN1C and DN1F.

The Romanian Motorway A3, also known as ''Transylvania Motorway'' (Romanian: ''Autostrada Transilvania''), currently under construction, will link the city with Bucharest and the Romanian western border. Its western part (Romanian border - Oradea - Cluj-Napoca) is planned to be finished by 2009, while its eastern and southern part (Cluj-Napoca - Braşov) is planned to be finished by 2012.
The Cluj-Napoca Coach Station (Romanian: Autogara) is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Cluj-Napoca to a large number of locations from all over the country.

Public transport

RATUC, the local public transport company, runs an extensive 342 km public transport network within the city using trams, trolleybuses and buses.

Education

Cluj-Napoca is one of the most important academic centres in Romania. Students count more than a third of the town's population.
'Universities':


★ Babeş-Bolyai University (more than 43,000 students) offering 105 concentrations in Romanian, 52 in Hungarian, 13 in German and 4 in English

★ Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (with more than 12,000 students), official site

★ University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

★ Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy (with more than 6,000 students)

★ Art and Design University

★ Gheorghe Dima Music Academy
'Some private universities':

★ ''Dimitrie Cantemir'' Christian University (more than 1,500 students), official site

★ ''Bogdan Vodă'' University, official site

★ ''Avram Iancu'' University, official site

★ Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania (, ), official site
Some important public schools: Liceul Teoretic ''Avram Iancu'', Liceul de Informatică ''Tiberiu Popoviciu'', Colegiul National ''George Baritiu'', Liceul Teoretic ''Lucian Blaga'', Colegiul National ''Emil Racoviţă'', Liceul ''Gheorghe Şincai'', Liceul ''Nicolae Bălcescu'', Liceul ''George Coşbuc'', Liceul ''Mihai Eminescu'', Liceul ''Onisifor Ghibu'', Báthory István Elméleti Liceum, János Zsigmond Unitárius Kollégium, Brassai Sámuel Gimnázium, Apáczai Csere János Elméleti Liceum

Modern architecture

Main articles: Modern architecture in Cluj-Napoca

Cluj is one of the most important cities in Transylvania, so many companies and banks have headquarters there, some building modern tall skyscrapers and glass buildings throughout the city.

Sports teams

Football (soccer)

★ Universitatea Cluj-Napoca

★ CFR Cluj

Rugby

★ Universitatea BT Agressione Cluj-Napoca

Volleyball

★ Universitatea Cluj Men

★ Universitatea Cluj Women

Basketball

★ Universitatea BT ACSA Terapia Cluj-Napoca (women)

★ BU Poli Mobitelco Cluj-Napoca (men)

Handball

★ U Jolidon Cluj-Napoca (women)

★ U Agronomia Cluj-Napoca (men)

Waterpolo

★ Poli CSM Cluj-Napoca

Women's soccer

★ Clujeana Cluj-Napoca

Foreign relations

Sister cities

★ Köln

★ Athens

★ São Paulo

★ Be'er Sheva

★ Pécs

★ Zagreb

★ Zhengzhou

★ Caracas

★ Dijon and Nantes

★ Suwon

★ Makati

★ Korca

★ Cervia

★ Columbia, East Lansing and Rockford

Legations

Before the communist centralization of 1948, several foreign consulates for countries like France, Czechoslovakia, Canada were based in Cluj. The last closed legation was that of the Republic of Hungary in 1988. In 1997 the legation was re-opened, as part of Timişoara Treaty.
Currently there are legations from several countries in Cluj:

★ General Consulate of the Republic of Hungary,

★ US Embassy Information Office,

★ Honorary Viceconsul of the Republic of Italy,

★ Netherlands Business Support Office,

★ Honorary Consul of Turkey.

Tourism

Placed in the centre of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca is a good starting point for evry tourist who want to visit Transylvania.

Main sights

Any tourist's must-see list should definitely include the following:

★ the ''Avram Iancu'' Square with the Orthodox Cathedral, the National Theatre, the Romanian Opera and the ''Avram Iancu'' Statue

★ the ''Unirii'' Square with the St. Michael's Church and the Matthias Corvinus Statue

★ the ''Mihai Viteazul'' Square with the Michael the Brave Statue

★ the ''Universităţii'' Street with the Babeş-Bolyai University and the Reformed Church

★ the ''Lucian Blaga'' Square with the University Library

★ the Botanical Garden

★ the house where Matthias Corvinus (Romanian: Matei Corvin; Hungarian: Hunyadi Mátyás) was born

★ the ''George Bariţiu'' Street with the Technical University

★ the ''Cetăţuia'' with its wonderful panorama of the city

★ the Central Park

★ several museums: the Transylvanian Ethnographic Museum (including its open air section), the History Museum, the Art Museum, the Zoology Museum and the Pharmacy Museum

★ the Central Cemetery (also known as ''Házsongárd'', or ''Hajongard'')(16th century)

Gallery

See also

★ Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden

★ Orthodox Cathedral

★ Church of Saint Michael

★ Bánffy Palace

★ Modern architecture in Cluj-Napoca

★ Cluj-Napoca Companies

★
★ Ursus

★
★ Banca Transilvania

★
★ Jolidon

★
★ Farmec

★
★ Tricotaje Someşul

★
★ Napolact

★
★ Armătura

★
★ Astral

★
★ Ardaf

★
★ Terapia

★ Klausenberg (Hasidic dynasty)

External links

★ Website of Cluj-Napoca

★ Hungarian website of Kolozsvár

★ Virtual trip of Cluj-Napoca

★ Events in Cluj-Napoca

★ Mobile webcam offering a good panorama over Cluj-Napoca

★ A virtual guide into the history,culture and sightseeing of Cluj-Napoca,the city in the heart of Transylvania, Romania

★ An Online Travel Guide about Cluj-Napoca

★ Cluj-Napoca airport website

Notes

1. Georges Castellan, ''A history of the Romanians'', Boulder, 1989, pp.148
2. [www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1114420 Nokia press release]
3. http://www.zf.ro/articol_116190/dupa_nokia__si_ericsson_este_interesat_de_cluj.html
4. http://www.zf.ro/articol_117865/nokia_a_confirmat_investitia_de_la_cluj.html
5. > http://www.zf.ro/articol_116771/dawnay_day_invests_135m_euros_in_cluj_and_arad.html Dawnay Day invests 135m euros in Cluj
6. http://www.hotnews.ro/pp_articol_18227-Al-treilea-mall-la-Cluj.htm