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'Classical Armenian' ( '''Grabar''', meaning "literary"; also 'Old Armenian' or 'Liturgical Armenian') is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in the Grabar Armenian language. Many ancient Greek, Persian, Hebrew, Syrian and Latin manuscripts survive only in their Armenian translation. Classical Armenian continues to be the liturgical language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and is therefore often learned by Biblical, Intertestamental, and Patristic scholars dedicated to textual studies.

Contents

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Orthography

See also

Reference books

External links

Phonology

Vowels

Classical Armenian has seven monophthong vowels:

★ (ա), (ի), or schwa (ը), or open ''e'' (ե), or closed ''e'' (է), (ո), and (ու)(transcribed as ''a'', ''i'', ''ə'', ''e'', ''ē'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively). The vowel transcribed ''u'' is spelled using the Armenian letters for ''ow'' (ու), but is not actually a diphthong.
There are also traditionally six diphthongs:

★ 'ay' (այ), 'aw' (աւ, later օ), 'ea' (եա), 'ew' (եւ), 'iw' (իւ), 'oy' (ոյ).

Consonants

In the following table there is listed the Classical Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a ''spiritus asper'' after the letter): '', '', '', '', ''. For each phoneme there are three symbols in the table. The topmost indicates the pronunciation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); in the middle there is the corresponding symbol in the Armenian alphabet; and the bottom one is its transliteration in Latin alphabet (following ISO 9985).

	bilabial	labio- dental	alveolar	post- alveolar	palatal	velar / uvular	glottal
'plosive'	պ  բ p  b		տ  դ t  d			կ  գ k  g
'aspirated plosive'	փ p‘		թ t‘			ք k‘
'nasal'	մ m		ն n
'fricative'		ֆ  վ f  v	ս  զ s  z	շ  ժ š  ž		խ  ղ x  ł	հ h
'affricate'			ծ  ձ c  j	ճ  ջ č  ǰ
'aspirated affricate'			ց c‘	չ č‘
'approximant'			ր r		յ y
'trill'			r ռ
'lateral approximant'			լ l

The letter ''f'' (or ֆ) was introduced in the Medieval Period to represent the foreign sound //, or the voiceless labiodental fricative, and was not originally a letter in the Armenian Alphabet.

Orthography

Classical Armenian uses traditional Armenian orthography.

See also

★ Proto-Armenian

★ Armenian Alphabet

Reference books

★ Thomson, Robert W. (1989) ''An Introduction to Classical Armenian''. Caravan Books. (ISBN 0-88206-072-4)

External links

★ Classical Armenian Online (The University of Texas at Austin)