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'Cimetidine' (INN) (IPA: ) is a histamine H₂-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in the stomach. It is largely used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name 'Tagamet' (sometimes 'Tagamet HB' or 'Tagamet HB200') and was approved by the Food & Drug Administration for prescriptions starting January 1, 1979.
Clinical research suggests cimetidine can be effective in oral administration against 'flat warts' (verruca plana), but results often contradict.

Contents

Clinical use

History and development

Other uses

Shortcomings

References

External links

Clinical use

''Main article:H2-receptor antagonist''

History and development

Cimetidine was the prototypical histamine H₂-receptor antagonist from which the later members of the class were developed. Cimetidine was the culmination of a project at Smith, Kline & French (SK&F; now GlaxoSmithKline) to develop a histamine receptor antagonist to suppress stomach acid secretion.
At the time (1964) it was known that histamine was able to stimulate the secretion of stomach acid, but also that traditional antihistamines had no effect on acid production. In the process, the SK&F scientists also proved the existence of histamine H₂-receptors.
The SK&F team used a rational drug-design structure starting from the structure of histamine - the only design lead, since nothing was known of the then hypothetical H₂-receptor. Hundreds of modified compounds were synthesised in an effort to develop a model of the receptor. The first breakthrough was ''N^α''-guanylhistamine, a partial H₂-receptor antagonist. From this lead the receptor model was further refined and eventually led to the development of burimamide, the first H₂-receptor antagonist. Burimamide, a specific competitive antagonist at the H₂-receptor 100-times more potent than ''N^α''-guanylhistamine, proved the existence of the H₂-receptor.
Burimamide was still insufficiently potent for oral administration and further modification of the structure, based on modifying the pKa of the compound, lead to the development of metiamide. Metiamide was an effective agent, however it was associated with unacceptable nephrotoxicity and agranulocytosis. It was proposed that the toxicity arose from the thiourea group, and similar guanidine-analogues were investigated until the ultimate discovery of cimetidine.

Other uses

There have been two studies relating to the use of Cimetidine for treatment of warts in children. According to the studies, a daily dosage of 400mg of Cimetidine can remove over 200 warts from a 15 year old child.[1]
Another study by Yokoyama et al used Cimetidine for the treatment of Chronic Calcifying Tendonitis of the shoulder. The small scale study took 16 individuals with calcifying tendonitis in one shoulder, all of which had previously attempted other forms of therapy including steroid injection and and shoulder lavage. During the course of the study 10 patients reported an elimination of pain and 9 displayed a complete disappearance of Calcium deposits. With results being on a small scale, it has been recommended that Cimetidine, for the treatment of cronic calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder, be opened to large scale clinical trials. [2]

Shortcomings

Cimetidine is a known inhibitor of many isozymes of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (specifically CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4). This inhibition forms the basis of the numerous drug interactions that occur between cimetidine and other drugs. For example, cimetidine may decrease metabolism of some drugs, such as those used in hormonal contraception.
Cimetidine interferes with estrogen metabolism, enhancing estrogen activity. In women, this can lead to galactorrhea, whereas in men gynecomastia and a reduced sperm count can result.
Adverse drug reactions were also found to be relatively common with Cimetidine, including interactions with the antimalarial medication Hydroxychloroquine.
The development of longer-acting H₂-receptor antagonists with reduced adverse effects such as ranitidine proved to be the downfall of cimetidine and, whilst it is still used, it is no longer amongst the more widely used H₂-receptor antagonists.

References

★ Michnovicz JJ, Galbraith RA .Cimetidine inhibits catechol estrogen metabolism in women. Metabolism. 1991 Feb;40(2):170-4. PMID 1988774

External links

★ American Chemical Society - National Historic Chemical Landmarks - Tagamet: A medicine that changed people's lives

★ Tagamet HB200