'Christian apologetics' is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of
Christianity. The term "
apologetic" comes from the
Greek word ''apologia'' (απολογία), which means ''in defense of''; therefore a person involved in Christian or Bible Apologetics is ''a defender of Christianity''. Someone who engages in Christian apologetics is called a . Christian apologetics have taken many forms over the centuries, starting with
Paul of Tarsus, including writers such as
Augustine of Hippo and
Thomas Aquinas, and continuing today with the modern Christian community through authors such as
Karl Keating and
Jimmy Akin. Apologists have based their defense of Christianity on favoring interpretations of historical evidence, philosophical arguments, scientific investigation, and other avenues.
This
Classical Greek term appears in the
Koine (i.e. common) Greek of the New Testament. The
apostle Paul employed the term "apologia" in his trial speech to Festus and Agrippa when he said, "I make my defense" (). In the
English language, the word ''apology'', derived from the Greek word "apologia", usually refers to asking for forgiveness for an action that is open to blame. Christian apologetics are meant, however, to argue that Christianity is reasonable and in accordance with the evidence that can be examined, analogous to the use of the term in the
Apology of Socrates, written by
Plato.
Purpose
The
First Epistle of Peter (3:15) declares that Christians must be ready to give a reason for their faith. Christian apologetics are designed to present non-Christians with reasons to adopt the Christian faith or to strengthen the belief of current Christians. Also, apologetics within the Christian community provide arguments that describe, support and strengthen the doctrinal and moral tenets of the Christian faith.
History of Christian apologetics
Evidentialist apologetics — contemporarily exemplified in
Gary Habermas or the more introductory Christian apologetic works of
Josh McDowell or
Lee Strobel — are the most popular apologetics and have been historically. This can be seen from the earliest times in Christianity, as the New Testament records the apostles appealing to eyewitness testimony.
Early church fathers who were Christian apologists include such apologists as
Justin Martyr,
Irenaeus,
Tertullian, and
Jerome.
Historically speaking, philosophical apologetics has not been very instrumental in the propagation of the Christian faith or had much interest to many Christians, although it has appealed to Christian intellectuals. The apostle Paul, who was well-educated, said to beware worldly, human philosophy () that did not accord with Christ. There is evidence that Paul himself was acquainted with Greek philosophy (Acts 9:29). Yet some apologists call themselves Christian philosophers, such as Michael Horner.
[1] An explanation of this conflict is that Christians view some philosophy as being compatible with Christianity, such as the laws of logic, while other philosophy is not, such as nontheistic philosophy. Evangelical Christian apologist
Norman Geisler composed an essay entitled "Beware of Philosophy: A Warning to Biblical Scholars,"
[2] which exhorts Christians to beware philosophical systems that ultimately result in unorthodox theological views but also suggests that Christian scholars unite philosophical and theological studies so that unorthodox philosophies can be detected and eschewed. Also,
Francis Schaeffer, a conservative Protestant Christian apologist, argued that Christians needed to be more knowledgeable about philosophical questions, as he taught that only a Judeo-Christian view of man and the world provided satisfactory and consistent answers to the questions of being, knowledge and morals which philosophy addresses.
An influential Catholic apologist was Saint
Thomas Aquinas, who presented five arguments for God's existence in the ''Summa Theologica''.
[3] Aquinas's approach, which adapted Aristotelian thought, is known as
Thomism, and has dominated both Roman Catholic and Protestant approaches.
In the period between 1800 and the mid-1900s, there were a number of Christian apologist/scholars such as
William Mitchell Ramsay (1851–1939),
William Henry Green (1825–1900),
Robert Dick Wilson (1856–1930), and
Oswald T. Allis (1856–1930) who argued for the historicity of the Bible.
A common concern in the history of Christianity is that apologetics deny the role of faith and, opponents would argue, that they seem to offer a way to "reason oneself" into the kingdom of Heaven — this was the argument of such authors as
Blaise Pascal. However, it should be pointed out that Saint Peter actually commands the defense of the Christian faith by saying that one should always be ready with "a defense of the truth." Some believers assert that a proper view of faith involves not simply accepting that what the Bible says is true, nor only trusting that God exists, but actually trusting in God, citing as an example that
Satan's mere knowledge of God is insufficient for his own salvation.
Christian apologetics today
Christian apologetics continues to the current day in various forms. The Roman Catholic
G. K. Chesterton, the Anglican
C. S. Lewis (who revived use of the classical Patristic 'Deus ut homo malus', or
'Christian trilemma' argument), the evangelical
Norman Geisler, the Lutheran
John Warwick Montgomery, and the Presbyterian
Francis Schaeffer were among the most prolific Christian apologists in the
20th century.
Among the most widely read Christian apologists writing in
English have been
Josh McDowell and
Lee Strobel. Another modern apologist is
Ravi Zacharias, author of ''The Lotus and the Cross: Jesus Talks with Buddha'', which argues for Christian truth over other world religions and alternative modern movements. Other leading Christian apologists include:
Jimmy Akin,
Gleason Archer,
Greg Bahnsen,
F. F. Bruce,
Gordon Haddon Clark,
William Lane Craig,
Gary Habermas,
Scott Hahn,
Karl Keating,
Kenneth Kitchen,
Greg Koukl,
Peter Kreeft,
Patrick Madrid,
Paul Maier,
Bruce Metzger,
J. P. Moreland,
R. C. Sproul,
Cornelius Van Til,
Merrill Unger,
Edwin M. Yamauchi, and
John Frame.
Types of Christian Apologetics
There are a variety of Christian apologetic styles and schools of thought. The major types of Christian apologetics include: historical and legal evidentialist apologetics, presuppositional apologetics, philosophical apologetics, prophetic apologetics, doctrinal apologetics, biblical apologetics, moral apologetics, and scientific apologetics.
Historical and legal evidentialist apologetics
In the evidentialist tradition, empirical arguments about the supposed life, miracles, death and resurrection of
Jesus are presented as (informal)
probabilistic proofs.
The ''
Catechism of the Catholic Church'', following the
Thomist tradition of St.
Thomas Aquinas and the dogmatic definition of the
First Vatican Council, affirms that it is a doctrine of the
Roman Catholic Church that God's existence can in fact be rationally demonstrated. Some other Christians in different denominations hold similar views. On this view, a distinction is to be drawn between (1) doctrines that belong ''essentially'' to faith and cannot be proved, such as the doctrine of the
Trinity or the
Incarnation, and (2) doctrines that can be accepted by faith but can also be known by reason; that is, truths revealed by
special revelation and by
general revelation. The existence of God is said to be one of the latter. As a theological defense of this view, one might cite Paul's claim that pagans were without excuse because "since the creation of the world [God's] invisible nature, namely, his eternal power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made" (Rom. 1:20).
The first Protestant textbook of apologetics was written by the Dutch legal scholar
Hugo Grotius, ''On The Truth of the Christian Religion''. This work, which remained in print until the late 19th century, defended the historicity of the Gospels and also addressed arguments to Jews and Muslims.
Christian scholar
Gary Habermas is recognized as being one of the foremost defenders of the historicity of Jesus Christ's resurrection.
Various arguments have been put forth by legal scholars such as
Simon Greenleaf and
John Warwick Montgomery and others claiming that Western legal standards argue for the historicity of the resurrection of Christ.
[4][5][6] In addition, legal authorities' opinions regarding the
resurrection of Christ are appealed to.
[7]
Christian scholar
Edwin M. Yamauchi and others argue against the pagan myth hypothesis for the origin of Christianity.
[8][9] In addition, Roman historian
A. N. Sherwin-White, is often quoted by Christian apologists in regards to Christianity not being formed through myth.
Sherwin-White stated:
Defense of Miracles
C.S. Lewis,
Norman Geisler,
William Lane Craig, and Christians who engage in jurisprudence Christian apologetics have argued that
miracles are reasonable and plausible.
[1] [2] [3][4][5].
Prophetic Christian apologetics
Bible prophecy is used as an argument for Christianity. It is argued that only God knows the future and the Bible prophecy of a compelling nature has been fulfilled.
Peter Stoner is often cited by Protestant apologetic works in regards to Bible prophecy,
[10] as well as
Grant Jeffrey.
Biblical apologetics
Biblical apologetics include issues concerned with the authorship and date of biblical books,
biblical canon, and
biblical inerrancy. In addition, Christian apologists defend and comment on various books of the Bible. Some scholars who have engaged in the defense of biblical inerrancy include:
Robert Dick Wilson,
Gleason Archer,
Norman Geisler, and
R. C. Sproul. Also, there are several resources that Christians offer defending Bible inerrancy in regards to specific verses.
[11][12][13] Some scholars who have defended the authorship and date of biblical books include:
John Wenham,
Norman Geisler,
Kenneth Kitchen, and
Bryant G. Wood. Wenham's work is well-regarded by those who supported the
Augustinian hypothesis, which is the traditional view of Gospel authorship. Scholars who have defended biblical canon include
F. F. Bruce and
Bruce Metzger. In addition, there are a host of Bible scholars who have defended and commented on various books of the Bible.
[14]
Philosophical apologetics
Philosophical apologetics concerns itself primarily with
arguments for the existence of God, although they do not exclusively dwell on this area.
These arguments can be grouped into several categories:
#
Cosmological argument - Argues that the existence of the universe demonstrates that God exists. Various ancillary arguments from science are often offered to support the cosmological argument.
[15][16][17]
#
Teleological argument (argument from design) - Argues that there is an intricate design in the world around us, and a design requires a designer.
Cicero,
William Paley, and
Michael Behe employed this argument as well as others.
[18]
#
Ontological argument - Argues that the very concept of God demands that there is an actual existent God.
#
Moral Argument - Argues that if there are any real morals, then there must be an absolute from which they are derived.
[19]
#
Transcendental Argument - Argues that all our abilities to think and reason require the existence of God.
#
Presuppositional Arguments - Arguments that show basic beliefs of theists and nontheists require God as a necessary precondition.
Other philosophical apologetics include:
★
Alvin Plantinga's argument that belief in God is properly basic.
[20]
★
Pascal's wager[21]
Presuppositional apologetics
Main articles: Presuppositional apologetics
Another apologetical school of thought, a sort of synthesis of various existing Dutch and American
Reformed thinkers (such as,
Abraham Kuyper,
Benjamin Warfield,
Herman Dooyeweerd), emerged in the late 1920s. This school was instituted by
Cornelius Van Til, and came to be popularly called
Presuppositional apologetics (though Van Til himself felt "Transcendental" would be a more accurate title). The main distinction between this approach and the more classical evidentialist approach mentioned above is that the Presuppositionalist denies any common ground between the believer and the non-believer, except that which the non-believer denies, namely, the assumption of the truth of the theistic worldview. In other words, Presuppositionalists don't believe that the existence of God can be proven by appeal to raw, uninterpreted (or, "brute") facts, which have the same (theoretical) meaning to people with fundamentally different worldviews, because they deny that such a condition is even possible. They claim that the only possible proof for the existence of God is that the very same belief is the necessary condition to the intelligibility of all other human experience and action. In other words, they attempt to prove the existence of God by means of appeal to the alleged
transcendental necessity of the belief -- indirectly (by appeal to the allegedly unavowed presuppositions of the non-believer's worldview) rather than directly (by appeal to some form of common factuality). In practice this school utilizes what have come to be known as
Transcendental Arguments for the Existence of God. In these arguments they claim to demonstrate that all human experience and action (even the condition of unbelief, itself) is a proof for the existence of God, because God's existence is the necessary condition of their intelligibility.
Another position that is also sometimes called
presuppositional apologetics, but should not be confused with the Van Tillian variety discussed above, is the one of
Gordon Clark and his disciples. Clarkians hold that, if
Christian theology is true, then God's existence can never be demonstrated, either by empirical means or by philosophical argument. The most extreme example of this position is called
fideism, which holds that faith is simply the will to believe, and argues that if God's existence were rationally demonstrable, faith in His existence would become superfluous. In ''The Justification of Knowledge'', the
Calvinist theologian
Robert L. Reymond argues that believers should not attempt to prove the existence of God. Since he believes all such proofs are fundamentally unsound, believers should not place their confidence in them, much less resort to them in discussions with non-believers; rather, they should accept the content of revelation by faith. Reymond's position is similar to that of his mentor, Clark, which holds that all worldviews are based on certain unprovable first premises (or,
axioms), and therefore are ultimately unprovable. The Christian theist therefore must simply choose to start with Christianity rather than anything else, by an unreasoned "leap of faith".
Ontological argument
In Medieval Europe Saint
Anselm of Canterbury composed the ''Monologion'' and ''
Proslogion'', in which he developed the ontological argument for God's existence. He believed that faith was necessary as a precursor to philosophical argument and expressed his position as "I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe that I may understand: for this I also believe, that unless I believe I will not understand." The basics of his ontological argument are stated in the following quote: "But clearly that than which a greater cannot be thought cannot exist in the understanding alone. For if it is actually in the understanding alone, it can be thought of as existing also in reality, and this is greater ... Without doubt, therefore, there exists, both in the understanding and in reality, something than which a greater cannot be thought." "That than which a greater cannot be thought" refers to God.
Though
Bertrand Russell would later question God's existence, he fully accepted the
ontological argument during his
undergraduate years:
Doctrinal Christian apologetics
In this type of apologetics, various Christian doctrines are defended, such as the
trinity. Also, non-Christian religions are argued against. Christian apologists have developed arguments against
Judaism, Islam, and Deism, for example. Changing modes in apologetics, whether or not they are currently fashionable, are important markers in the
history of ideas.
Moral Christian apologetics
In moral apologetics the arguments for man's sinfulness and man's need for redemption is stressed. Examples of this type of apologetic would be
Jonathan Edwards's sermon "
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".
[22] The Four Spiritual Laws religious tract would be another example.
[23]
In the first centuries AD, a number of Christian writers undertook the task of proving that Christianity was beneficial for the
Roman Empire and for humanity as a whole. Also, they wrote to defend their faith against attacks made by other people or to properly explain their faith.
Aristides and
Quadratus of Athens, writing in the early second century, were two of the first Christians to write apologetics treatises. Other second-century apologetic writings of note included the ''First Apology'' and ''Second Apology'' of
Justin Martyr and the ''
Epistle to Diognetus'' , a response to the accusation that Christians were a danger to Rome.
About a century after
Constantine's conversion to Christianity, the
Roman Empire began falling to invaders from northern Europe. Some Christian writers sought to explain the decline of Roman culture and power by systematically downplaying the achievements of classical antiquity while emphasizing the persecution of Christians and the positive role of Christianity in society.
Paulus Orosius wrote the first book advancing this perspective (''History Against the Pagans''), though the far more learned and influential work of this type was ''
The City of God'' by Saint
Augustine of Hippo (426).
Several of the early Christian apologists developed arguments from fulfilled prophecy and gospel miracles as proofs of Christ's divinity. Eusebius of Caesarea in his ''Demonstration of the Gospel'' attempted to prove the truth of Christianity by fulfilled prophecies from the Old Testament, and by rebutting arguments that the Apostles had made up the story of Christ's resurrection.
Scientific Christian apologetics
Scientific Christian apologists agree that science and the Bible do not contradict each other. For example, some say that the existence of dinosaurs hasn't been proven and that dinosaurs are not mentioned in the Bible. Others say that dinosaurs did exist and are mentioned in the Bible. Likewise, those that hold to young earth creationism say that science hasn't proven that the world is billions of years old, while those that hold to old earth creationism say that the Bible's six-day account of creation is compatible with a universe that's billions of years old.
Various Christians have put forth arguments that the God of the Bible, and not natural forces, or both God ''and'' natural sources are responsible for the existence of the universe as we find it today.
[24] Apologists point to the creation of matter and energy, the existence of scientific laws, the origin of life, and the origin of various types of animals including ourselves and plants on the Earth as evidence for Biblical Christianity.
[25]
Historically, Christian apologists have defended the long life spans of people in
Genesis (e.g.,
Methuselah),
[26][27] the Flood,
[28][29] the
Tower of Babel,
[30][31][32] Joshua halting the sun and moon,
[33] and the division of humanity into
three races based on descent from the sons of Noah.
Notable apologists
Some notable Christian apologists include:
Books
Main articles: List of Christian Apologetic Works
Overview and reference
★ Bush, L. Russ. 1983. ''Classical Readings in Christian Apologetics AD. 100-1800''.Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
★
Dulles, Avery. 1999. ''A History of Apologetics''. Wipf & Stock, Eugene, Oregon.
★
Frame, John. 1994. ''Apologetics to the Glory of God''. ISBN 0-87552-243-2
★
Geisler, Norman L. 1999. ''Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics''. Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Historical and legal evidential Christian apologetics
Introductory evidential
★
McDowell, Josh, ''New Evidence that Demands a Verdict'', Thomas Nelson, Inc, Publishers, 1999
★
Strobel, Lee. 1998. ''The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus''. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
★
Hanegraaff, Hank. 2002. ''Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity''. W Publishing Group, Nashville, Tennessee.
Other evidential
★
Habermas, Gary, ''The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ'' (College Press: Joplin, MI 1996).
★
Habermas, Gary, Licona, Gary ''The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus'' (Kregel, 1994)
★
Kitchen, Kenneth, ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1, 2003
Prophetic
★
Stoner, Peter ''Science Speaks'' (Chapter 2: Prophetic Accuracy and Chapter 3: The Christ of Prophecy), Chicago, Moody Press, 1963
[34]
Philosophical
★
Frame, John. 1994. ''Apologetics to the Glory of God''. ISBN 0-87552-243-2
★
Kreeft, Peter and Ronald Tacelli. 1994. "Handbook of Christian Apologetics: Hundreds of Answers to Crucial Questions". InterVarsity Press
★ Ramm, Bernard. 1962. ''Varieties of Christian Apologetics: An Introduction to the Christian Philosophy of Religion''. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Biblical apologetics
★
Archer, Gleason, 2001. ''New Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties''. ISBN 0-310-24146-4
★
Bruce, F. F.,''The Canon of Scripture'', InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988
★ Geisler, Norman and Howe, Thomas ''When Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties'' Baker Books, Grand Rapids Michigan, 1992
★
Geisler, Norman, ed. (1980). ''Inerrancy''. ISBN 0-310-39281-0.
★ Kaiser, Walter C., Davids, Petr H.,
Bruce, F. F., Brauch, Manfred, ''Hard Sayings of the Bible'', Intervarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL 1996
Scientific
★ Gish, Duanne. ''Evolution: The Fossils Still Say No''!, El Cajon: ICR, 1995
[35]
★ Johnson, Phillip E. ''Darwin on Trial''. InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois. 1991
★ Ross, Hugh. ''The Creator and the Cosmos''. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1993, 2nd ed., 1995, 3rd ed. 2001
★
Sproul, R. C. ''Not a Chance: The Myth of Chance in Modern Science and Cosmology'', Baker Book House: 1994
★
Wysong, R. L. ''The Creation-Evolution Controversy''.
[36]
★
Collins, Francis 2006. ''The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief'', Free Press
General/classics
★
Lewis, C. S. 1955. ''Mere Christianity''. Fontana, Glasgow.
★
McGrath, Alister. 1992. ''Bridge-Building: Effective Christian Apologetics''. InterVarsity Press, Leicester, UK.
★
Schaeffer, Francis A. 1982. ''The Complete Works of Francis Schaeffer''. 5 Volumes. Crossway Books, Westchester, Illinois.
Criticisms of Christian apologetics
There has been significant academic treatment of Christian apologetics in scholarly institutions and publication, which deal with fact and dissent in a transparent manner. There is also amateur self-published work with varying degrees of thoroughness and credibility. This amateur credibility problem is sufficiently widespread that
Answers in Genesis, itself a pro-creationist organization, has engaged in some self-policing by publishing a list of pro-creationist arguments which they regard as invalid.
[37] Apologist
Ron Wyatt has also published claims that have generated controversy regarding their authenticity.
[38]
See also
★
List of Christian Apologetic Works
External links
General/various apologetics:
★
[6] - Masters Degree in Christian Apologetics from Biola University
★
All About God - concise Christian answers
★
Apologetics.com
★
Apologetics Information Ministry
★
Apologetics Press Vast amount of apologetics resources.
★
Christian Apologetics Wiki Wiki concept for Christian Apologetics
★
Academy for Christian Thought
★
bethinking.org - Audio and text downloads from various Christian apologists.
★
The Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry
★
Christian Thinktank
★
Academy of Christian Apologetics
★
Leadership U
★
LifeWay Apologetics - Diverse article repository
★
Multimedia Apologetics apologetics and evolution multimedia resources
★
Probe Ministries -Christian Apologetics
★
Reasons to Believe
★
10 Reasons to Believe
★
Ravi Zacharias, modern apologist
★
Christian Apologetic Journal
★
Stand to Reason
★
Classic Works of Apologetics
★
New Testament Christian
Biblical apologetics:
★
Tekton Apologetics Ministries, a Christian website collecting arguments primarily about biblical apologetics.
★
The Dating of the New Testament by
Norman Geisler
★
A defense of the Divinity of Christ A defense the deity of Christ from an evangelical perspective. (contra Jehovah Witnesses)
★
The Nature of God Compares the Nature of God from an orthodox Christian perspective and the the Mormon (LDS) perspective.
Historical/legal/evidential apologetics:
★
Biblical Archeology An encyclopedic site on archeology for apologetics.
★
Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? by Michael Horner
★
The Book of Acts and Archaeology by Craig S. Hawkins
★
Why I Believe The New Testament Is Historically Reliable by
Gary Habermas
★
Evidence for the Resurrection by
Josh McDowell
★
Jesus' Resurrection and Contemporary Criticism: An Apologetic (Part I) - PDF File by
Gary Habermas
★
Jesus' Resurrection and Contemporary Criticism: An Apologetic (Part II) - PDF File by
Gary Habermas
Creationist apologetics:
General:
★
CreationWiki
★
Answers In Genesis
★
TrueOrigins.org
★
Institute for Creation Research
★
Creation answers in concise articles.
References
1. http://www.michaelhorner.com/
2. http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/faith_and_reason/geisler-beware.html
3. http://www-phil.tamu.edu/~gary/intro/paper.aquinas.html
4. http://www.bibleteacher.org/sgtestimony.htm
5. http://www.mtio.com/articles/bissart1.htm
6. http://lawreligionculturereview.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_lawreligionculturereview_archive.html
7. http://www.ankerberg.com/Articles/apologetics/AP0302W3.htm
8. http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/yama.html
9. http://www.bede.org.uk/jesusmyth.htm
10. http://www.geocities.com/stonerdon/science_speaks.html#c8
11. http://www.inerrancy.org
12. http://www.tektonics.org/index2.html
13. http://www.christian-thinktank.com
14. http://www.tektonics.org/books/arsenal.html
15. http://godevidences.net/space/lawsofscience.php
16. http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2329
17. http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/Area/isd/wanser.asp
18. http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i2/design.asp
19. http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/god-ethi.html
20. http://www.origins.org/articles/plantinga_intellectualsophistication.html
21. http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/theistic_apologetics/morris-wager.html
22. http://www.ccel.org/e/edwards/sermons/sinners.html
23. http://www.greatcom.org/laws/
24. http://www.nwcreation.net/wiki/index.php?title=Creationists
25. http://www.nwcreation.net/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page
26. http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/805]
27.
http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CH/CH311.html
28. http://www.icr.org/article/570/
29. http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/flood.asp
30. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-abr/abr-a021.html
31. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-abr/confusionoflanguages.html
32. http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_tower_of_babel_legend_or_history
33. http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v19/i3/longday.asp
34. http://www.geocities.com/stonerdon/science_speaks.html#c8 (online version available)
35. http://creationwiki.org/Evolution:_The_Fossils_Still_Say_No%21
36. http://www.wysong.net/page/WOTTPWS/PROD/EDUAIDS/ED022-S
37. http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/dont_use.asp
38. http://www.tentmaker.org/WAR/
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