'Christian Science' is a religious teaching regarding the
efficacy of spiritual healing according to the interpretation of the Bible by
Mary Baker Eddy, in her book ''
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures'' (first published in 1875). Students of Christian Science are usually, though not always or necessarily, members of the
Church of Christ, Scientist. Christian Science should not be confused with material or physical
science, has no connection with
Scientology, and is distinct from Christian
fundamentalism.
Overview
Christian Science was founded by Mary Baker Eddy in the 1800s.
At the core of Christian Science is the teaching that God and God's
creation are entirely good and
spiritual, and that God has made all things in His likeness. Christian Scientists hold that the reality of being and of all
existence is spiritual, not
material. They see this spiritual
reality as the only reality and all else as
illusion or 'error'. Christian Science acknowledges that we all seem to be experiencing a material existence, but holds that this experience ultimately yields to a true spiritual understanding of God and creation. They believe that this is how healing through prayer is possible.
[1] While embracing Mind over matter, Christian Scientists also believe that God is a reflection of male and female qualities, "Our Father-Mother God, all-harmonious."
Prayer, from the Christian Science perspective, does not ask God to intervene, but is rather a process of learning more of God's spiritual reality - "awakening
mortal thought", by degrees, to spiritual
truth. Christian Scientists claim the effect of this spiritualization of thought is healing, --
physical,
emotional, and otherwise. Consequently,
health care is not attempted through
drugs,
surgery, or other physical manipulation, but through "Christian Science treatment", a specific form of prayer intended to spiritualize thought.
[2].
While there is no
formal compulsion on Christian Scientists either to use Christian Science healing or to eschew medical means
[3] Christian Scientists avoid using the two systems simultaneously in the belief that they tend to counteract or contradict each other. Material medicine and Christian Science treatment proceed from diametrically opposite assumptions. Medicine asserts that something is physically broken and needs to be fixed, while Christian Science asserts that the spiritual reality is harmonious and perfect, and that any false belief to the contrary needs to be corrected.
Today it is estimated that there are 400,000 or more students of Christian Science in over 60 countries worldwide. There are anywhere between 1,850 to 2,000 branch congregations in the Christian Science church.
[4]
The
Christian Science Journal and the
Christian Science Sentinel document claims of Christian Science healing. These are sometimes supported by the observations of medical practitioners involved prior to the application of Christian Science healing.
Mary Baker Eddy began believing in this method of healing when she recovered from an injury in
1866 after rereading a passage of one of Jesus' healings. She believed that the method of healing must have been that used by
Jesus Christ to heal the cases documented in the
New Testament. Mary Baker Eddy's study of the Bible over many years along with her application of what she had learned to actual and varied cases of illness in the late 19th century, brought her to the point where she felt compelled to document her findings and teach her discovery to those who were interested. The resulting textbook, first copyrighted in 1875, and the primary source for learning Christian Science is
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy.
Mary Baker Eddy defined Christian Science as follows: "...divine Science, which, reduced to human apprehension, she has named Christian Science."
[5]
For information authorized by
The First Church of Christ, Scientist and the
Christian Science Board of Directors, refer to the
authorized external links section below. Access to information from sources representing
other advocacy,
neutral, or
critical perspectives is also provided.
The Tenets of Christian Science
''1. As adherents of Truth, we take the inspired Word of the Bible as our sufficient guide to eternal Life.''
''2. We acknowledge and adore one supreme and infinite God. We acknowledge His Son, one Christ; the Holy Ghost or divine Comforter; and man in God’s image and likeness.''
''3. We acknowledge God’s forgiveness of sin in the destruction of sin and the spiritual understanding that casts out evil as unreal. But the belief in sin is punished so long as the belief lasts.''
''4. We acknowledge Jesus’ atonement as the evidence of divine, efficacious Love, unfolding man’s unity with God through Christ Jesus the Way-shower; and we acknowledge that man is saved through Christ, through Truth, Life, and Love as demonstrated by the Galilean Prophet in healing the sick and overcoming sin and death.''
''5. We acknowledge that the crucifixion of Jesus and his resurrection served to uplift faith to understand eternal Life, even the allness of Soul, Spirit, and the nothingness of matter.''
''6. And we solemnly promise to watch, and pray for that Mind to be in us which was also in Christ Jesus; to do unto others as we would have them do unto us; and to be merciful, just, and pure.''
From "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures,"
by Mary Baker Eddy, p. 497:3-29
The Scientific Statement of Being
''There is no life, truth, intelligence, nor substance in matter. All is infinite Mind and its infinite manifestation, for God is All-in-all. Spirit is immortal Truth; matter is mortal error. Spirit is the real and eternal; matter is the unreal and temporal. Spirit is God, and man is His image and likeness. Therefore man is not material; he is spiritual.''
[6]
Lord's Prayer with Spiritual Interpretation
Our Father which art in heaven,
''Our Father-Mother God, all-harmonious,''
Hallowed be Thy name.
''Adorable One''.
Thy kingdom come.
''Thy kingdom is come; Thou art ever-present.''
Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.
''Enable us to know – as in heaven, so on earth – God is omnipotent, supreme.''
Give us this day our daily bread;
''Give us grace for today; feed the famished affections;''
And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.
''And Love is reflected in love;''
And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil;
''And God leadeth us not into temptation, but delivereth us from sin, disease, and death.''
For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever.
''For God is infinite, all-power, all Life, Truth, Love, over all, and All.
Healing
The basis of Christian Science healing is the view that "man" (the male/female spiritual being who appears as an individual human being) is the reflection or expression of a wholly good and perfect
God, and therefore is perfect. Christian Scientists believe that God loves every individual, because God is the Creator of all.
Christian Scientists also believe that sickness is the result of either
fear,
ignorance, or
sin, and that when the erroneous belief is corrected, the sickness will disappear. They state that the way to eliminate the false beliefs is to replace them with true understanding of God's goodness. They consider that suffering can occur only when one believes in the supposed reality of a problem; if one changes one's understanding, the belief is revealed as false, and the acknowledgement that the sickness has no power since God is the only power, eliminates the sickness.
Christian Scientists regard the material world as a kind of consensual illusion which is due to a misperception of the true spiritual world. Such a misperception can, they believe, be changed by reorientation of thought, or
prayer in Christian Science terms. Thus the illusion can be dispelled, revealing the present spiritual reality, which results in healing.
Prayer
Christian Science teaches that prayer is a spiritualization of thought or an understanding of God and the nature of the underlying spiritual creation. The world as it appears to the senses is regarded as a distorted version of the world of spiritual ideas: the latter is the only true reality. Prayer can heal the distortion, bringing spiritual reality (the "
Kingdom of Heaven" in Biblical terms) into clearer focus in the human scene--not changing the spiritual creation but giving a clearer view of it. The result is healing. According to Christian Science there are not two creations, a spiritual and a material one, but only a spiritual creation which is incorrectly perceived as material.
Christian Scientists believe that prayer works through
Love, and that this is the way
Christ Jesus healed. Their aim is to reinstate the element of healing which, they believe, was lost with early
Christianity. They cite such
Bible texts as ; in support of their contention that Christian faith demands demonstration in healing. This is a faith in the omnipotence of God, which according to the Christian Science interpretation of the Bible, logically rules out any other power: . The Christian Science view is that Jesus taught that we should claim good as being present, right here and now, and that this will result in healing: (; ). They point to Jesus' teaching that his followers would do "greater works" even than he did ().
An important point in Christian Science is that the healing of
sin is more important than the healing of physical disease, and that prayer and the moral regeneration of one's life go hand-in-hand. (Christian Science teaches that while disease may be a result of sin or wrong-doing it is not necessarily so--it may equally be the result of
fear, or ignorance of God's power and goodness.) The chapter on "Prayer" in the Christian Science textbook,
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures by
Mary Baker Eddy, gives a full account of healing through prayer, while the testimonies at the end of the book are written by people who believe they have been healed through spiritual understanding. Christian Scientists claim no monopoly on the application of God's healing power through prayer, and welcome it wherever it occurs.
Evil
The Christian Science position on the nature of evil can be described as follows:
"Evil is a negation, because it is the absence of truth. It is nothing, because it is the absence of something. It is unreal, because it presupposes the absence of God, the omnipotent and omnipresent. Every mortal must learn that there is neither power nor reality in evil." (S&H 186:12-15)
If there is any evil power in the world, then God cannot possess all power, and is thus not
omnipotent. If God is omnipotent, evil does not exist. Christianity is incompatible with a belief in the reality of evil.
To answer the question of whether God punishes evildoers, Christian Scientists would say that the illusion of evil punishes itself. As long as a person continues to act evilly, desires to do so, or does not
forgive him/herself or others,
suffering will be the result.
Science
Christian Scientists are not Creationists or biblical literalists - they regard the Bible as often having symbolic rather than literal meaning. Consequently they do not believe that the
Theory of Evolution is necessarily false from a mortal, material perspective--they do not object to its being taught in schools, nor do they demand that alternative accounts be taught. They regard it, even if "true," as referring to the illusory, mortal realm rather than the spiritual. For similar reasons, Christian Science does not object to contemporary
geology,
cosmology, or
biology. Christian Science periodicals occasionally cite developments in cosmology and physics as indicating how contemporary science is coming to an understanding of the illusory nature of time and materiality (e.g. Gerber, 2002, p. 3).
In regard to the scientificity or otherwise of Christian Science healing, even if a change in thought seems to result in a change in human experience (like physical healing) there is no obvious means of connecting the supposed cause with the observed effect. According to the widely, though not universally, accepted ideas of
Karl Popper a scientific theory must be falsifiable. There is no obvious way to set up an experiment whereby the claims of Christian Science could be falsified. In this sense any claim that Christian Science has to being scientific, except in the much looser sense of "science" as "knowing" (Latin "scio"), is questionable.
Theology
In terms of Christian theology, Christian Science bears some similarity to the teachings of
Origen and
Meister Eckhart. However, it rejects the attribute of
mysticism to its teachings, and should not be confused with
pantheism.
Christian Science avoids the theological
problem of evil by its teaching of the unreality or nothingness of evil. However, it does not address the "problem" of where the illusion of evil came from – beyond the position that, since it is nothing, it came from nowhere. (Asking the question, for Christian Scientists, is like a mathematician spending his/her time trying to work out where the illusion that 2+2=5 came from – a waste of time that gets one nowhere and indeed postpones the solution of the problem.) Evil presents an illusion, such as a drawn line. In contrast, Truth is a continuous circle that has no end or begining. Christian Scientists believe that if one changes a belief in evil to an "understanding" of the universality of good, one's experience will adjust accordingly, and that eventually the question "where does evil come from" will disappear with the negative phenomena that occasioned it.
Christian Science differs from conventional theology since it regards
God as both Father and Mother. This does not refer to any
anthropomorphic, quasi-physical characteristics, but simply to the teaching that God is characterized by qualities traditionally considered feminine (gentleness, compassion, nurturing and so on) as well as by those traditionally considered masculine (strength, principle, protection etc.) According to Christian Science, every person, as God's image or reflection, embodies those qualities as well in their essential being.
Christian Science distinguishes between "Jesus" the man, and "the Christ" or divine manifestation. In considering the question of the relationship between divinity and humanity in reference to Christ Jesus, it is important to consider the Christian Science definition of God as "The great I AM."
While some Christian Science teachings are unorthodox from the point of view of conventional theology (as in the rejection of
substitutionary atonement and of
Hell as a place of eternal punishment), others are orthodox (acceptance of the
Virgin Birth, the
Resurrection of Jesus).
While Christian Scientists revere
Mary Baker Eddy as the discoverer and founder of Christian Science, they do not regard her as having added anything to essential
Christianity but simply as having elaborated its essence and consequences. (A comparison might be made to the status of
Thomas Aquinas for Catholics,
Martin Luther for Lutherans, or
John Calvin for Calvinists.)
Another way to illustrate the foundations of the theology of Christian Science is to consider the problems involved in the philosophy of dualism. Many belief systems posit a "god versus something else" or "spirit versus matter". Mary Baker Eddy in a sense followed the reductionism of her time, but instead of reducing all things to the material, she reduced all things to the spiritual.
Christ and the Trinity
Webster's online dictionary (m-w.com) defines the term
Christ in Christian Science as "The ideal truth that comes as a divine manifestation of God to destroy incarnate error." This definition mirrors
Mary Baker Eddy's own definition in ''Science and Health'' as "The divine manifestation of God, which comes to the flesh to destroy incarnate error." Both definitions establish the
Christ as completely divine, both spiritual and not material.
Jesus, the son of
God therefore embodied the
Christ to such a degree that he, and he alone will carry the title
Christ, but as a corporeal being he was not the totality of the Christ.
Mary Baker Eddy writes "Throughout all generations both before and after the Christian era, the Christ, as the spiritual idea – the reflection of God – has come with some measure of power and grace to all prepared to receive Christ, Truth" and even today, the
Christ, according to Christian Science belief, continues to come to mankind, giving us a greater understanding of our holy spiritual identity through healing and the destruction of sin.
Although many uphold the Trinity as defined by the
Nicene Creed, the Trinity in Christian Science is found in the unity of God, the Christ, and divine Science, or: "God the Father-Mother; Christ the spiritual idea of sonship; divine Science or the Holy Comforter."
Medicine
Many Christian Scientists find the effectiveness of their healing system makes it their first choice for treatment over drugs and surgery. They believe in following the example of Jesus, bringing the real or ideal man more clearly into thought. Christian Scientists believe that Jesus was "the Wayshower", a proof by example of the divine method of healing sin, sickness and death. According to the Christian Science belief, there are no limits to the type of medical conditions that can be healed through prayer.
The Christian Science Church does not forbid the use of medicine by its members, nor does the Church exert informal pressure on them to eschew it. Though Christian Scientists respect the work of medical practitioners, most of them prefer to use prayer and to rely on God. Christian Scientists who choose to rely on medical treatment for a specific problem normally give up Christian Science treatment for the period of treatment. This is because one treatment approaches healing from a material and the other from a spiritual perspective, and thus they are incompatible. Christian Scientists are practical when it comes to using material aids such as vision correction, splints for broken bones and dental services and will use what is necessary at the time. However, numerous healings of short and long-sightedness, dental problems and broken bones have been recorded in the periodicals published by the Church, some of which have been confirmed by medical practitioners.
Mary Baker Eddy's views on this subject are as follows: "If Christian Scientists ever fail to receive aid from other Scientists--their brethren upon whom they may call,--God will still guide them into the right use of temporary and eternal means."
[7]
Dissension
Throughout the history of Christian Science there have been a small number of
dissenting branches, unacknowledged by the
Boston organization. Such dissenters often point to certain "estoppel" clauses of the last Church Manual issued by Mary Baker Eddy before her death which, had they been interpreted literally, would have led to a radical decentralization of the Christian Science Church. The issue has involved the Church in repeated
litigation brought by dissenters, most prominently between 1919-22, when a group of Trustees of the Christian Science Publishing Society filed a suit against the Christian Science Board of Directors.
[8]
Criticism of Christian Science
Christian Science has been criticized by skeptics from the very beginning.
Mark Twain devoted an entire
book to the topic, in which he humorously attacked not only the belief itself, but also its practitioners. (However, there was some ambivalence in his approach to Christian Science healing; his daughter, Clara Clemens Gabrilowitsch, became a Christian Scientist, and authored a book on the subject: Awake to a Perfect Day, published by Citadel Press, NYC, 1956.)
Medical Controversies
Christian Science is considered to be a religion, rather than a medical science, by medical practitioners. Critics point to cases of people who died following their choice of Christian Science care rather than medical treatment. Defenders counter that there is no similar burden placed on medical science to justify the hundreds of thousands who die each year under medical care.
Christian Scientists have been controversial for their failure to provide conventional health care for children (Asser and Swan, 1998). In the
United States, the constitutional guarantee of protection of religious practice from intrusion by government has been used by Christian Scientists and other religious groups to seek exemption from legislative or regulatory requirements regarding
child abuse and neglect, including medical neglect in more than three quarters of the states. There are now statutes in 44 states which contain a provision stating that a child is not to be deemed abused or neglected merely because he or she is receiving treatment by spiritual means, through prayer according to the tenets of a recognized religion. Although these exemptions take different forms and interpretations in different state jurisdictions, the overall effect has been to limit the ability of the state to prosecute parents for suspected or alleged abuse or medical neglect of children when such occurrences may be the result of religious practice. Severe (even fatal) physical discipline, failure to seek medical care, or refusal of a proven efficacious treatment of a critically ill child may be protected from prosecution because of the religious exemption clauses now found in a majority of state codes. (However, most of these cases do not involve Christian Scientists.)
Two important sets of interests are in apparent opposition - those of children in the perceived benefits of medical care and those of parents in making a decision about their children's well-being. Some parents believe that the constitutionally protected freedom of religion allows them to choose the method of healing (spiritual or medical) they feel will best benefit their children. However, this interpretation of the US constitution is in contradiction to important court rulings to the effect that parents may not martyr their children based on parental beliefs and that children cannot be denied essential health care.
[9] (A Christian Scientist would deem spiritual treatment as being "essential health care" that would most expediently lead to their child's health and well being.)
The Journal of the American Medical Association (22 September 1989) reported on a study of more than 5,500 "Christian Scientists" as compared to a "lay group" of almost 30,000. The death rate among "Christian Scientists" from cancer was double the national average, and 6 percent of them died from causes considered preventable by doctors. The "non-Christian Scientists" on the average lived four years longer if they were women and two longer if they were men. It was speculated that the reason for this was that male Christian Scientists are more likely to seek medical help than female believers. However, if that is so, the characterisation of the first group as "Christian Scientists" for the purpose of evaluating the healing system of Christian Science, must be misleading, since it is conceded that some of them may have been using medicine.
Furthermore, the "lay group" were presumably using conventional medicine or some alternative healing means rather than nothing at all--consequently the study only evaluates the comparative efficacy of Christian Science vis-a-vis some other system or systems, rather than its healing efficacy per se. Defenders point out that many people turn to Christian Science after medical techniques have failed; consequently, the two groups may not be comparable.
Since Christian Science practitioners do not diagnose disease, it is unclear how Christian Scientists are to know when they should avoid being in contact with others, in order to avoid infection or contagion. Similarly, it is unclear how they would know when to decide about having surgery before a condition--e.g. cancer--reaches the stage where it is considered inoperable.
Theological Controversies
Christian Science is criticized by some mainstream Christians for its theological differences (mostly due to its assertion of the illusory nature of the material world, its definition of "Jesus" and the "Christ", its explanation of the Trinity and a personal God, and its basis of the unreality of evil).
Christian Science offers an explanation of why, according to its teaching, evil is not sent from God and hence is not real. Mary Baker Eddy touches upon this subject in her book 'Unity of Good' in response to the question: ''"Does God know or behold sin, sickness, and death?"'' She writes: "The nature and character of God is so little apprehended and demonstrated by mortals, that I counsel my students to defer this infinite inquiry, in their discussions of Christian Science. In fact, they had better leave the subject untouched, until they draw nearer to the divine character, and are practically able to testify, by their lives, that as they come closer to the true understanding of God they lose all sense of error."
There has been internal controversy in the Christian Science movement regarding the status of
Mary Baker Eddy herself. Some Christian Scientists claim (and others deny) that her appearance on the world stage was specifically prophesied in the
Bible.
Some Christian theologians characterize Christian Science as a cult (Martin, 2003) (also refer to
external sites providing criticisms of Christian Science). A basis of such criticisms includes the comment of Mary Baker Eddy in reply to a questioner who asked how she knew there ever was such a person as Christ Jesus:
''"If there had never existed such a person as the Galilean Prophet, it would make no difference to me. I should still know that God's spiritual ideal is the only real man in His image and likeness."''(Eddy, The First Church of Christ Scientist and Miscellany, pp. 318, 319). This is interpreted by opponents of Christian Science as Mary Baker Eddy downgrading the importance of Jesus, rather than making a basic metaphysical point.
There are apparently contradictory statements on the question of the death of Jesus in Mary Baker Eddy's writings; since Christian Science teaches that
death is an illusion, this may help to explain the apparent contradictions. The story of the Fall (from
Genesis 2: 4 onwards) is to be regarded as an allegory.
Christian Science and homosexuality
Christian Science publications, including The Christian Science Sentinel, have in the past published testimonies wherein the testifier describes their own "healing" of homosexuality. The writings of Mary Baker Eddy prescribe the living of a morally decent life. There is some dissent among Christian Scientists as to what exactly the position with regard to homosexuality ought to be; in this matter as in others (such as abortion) the Church itself chooses not to have an official position, as it is considered that each individual Christian Scientist should seek their highest sense of right through prayer.
Organizations
Adventure Unlimited is a Christian Science non-profit organization based in Denver, Colorado. Its purpose is to provide inspirational and educational activities and forums for Christian Scientists, especially children and youth.
Christian Science Organizations are established at many colleges and universities, and provide a functional resource for Christian Scientists in college for support and unity, but also aim to provide the public with a better understanding of Christian Science through prayer, public lectures, and contribution to informal discussions, health expositions, and other events catering to philosophical awareness, family unity, alternative healing methods, etc.
'Christian Science Joint Broadcast Committee' is a joint, non-profit effort between the Phoenix, Arizona churches to broadcast the healing message of Christian Science across various media.
CSeNews.comwas started 10 years ago as an online newsletter for Phoenix Metropolitan Churches. It has grown into a worldwide Christian Science news, events and info site with thousands of subscribers and hundreds of visitors each day.
The Joint Broadcast Committee also offers telephone numbers to listen any time of the day or night to the Weekly Bible Lesson (602) 222-6220 , Weekly Sentinel Radio program (602) 200-7002 and Heraldo en Espaňol (602) 200-7003. In addition to phone services, the Joint Broadcast Committee facilitates the airing of the Weekly Sentinel Radio program in the Four Corners region (Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and Arizona) as well as in the Phoenix Metro area.
See also
★
Prominent Christian Scientists
★
Former Christian Science Churches, Societies and Buildings
★
Christian Science and Homosexuality
Footnotes
1. (Eddy, 1934 [1906]: pp. 1-17.)
2. Eddy, 1934 [1906], pp. 1-17
3. Eddy, pp.443:1--444:30
4. Mother Church Web site cites both numbers
5. Eddy, 1934 [1906], p.471.
6. Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, p.468:9
7. Eddy, 1934, p. 444.
8. Proceedings in Equity, 1921, Christian Science Publishing Society, Boston
9. See Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 US 158 (1944) and Jehovah's Witnesses v. Washington King County Hospital, 278 F Supp 488 (Washington DC 1967), affirmed per curiam 390 US 598 (1968).
External links
===
Authorized by The First Church of Christ, Scientist and the Christian Science Board of Directors===
★ Links to Christian Science Resources
★ The Mother Church Youth - A Global Healing Community of Young Christian Scientists
★ Christian Science Publishing Society website, including the weekly sermon (Spirituality.com)
★ The First Church of Christ, Scientist
★ Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy (Spirituality.com)
★ Christian Science Organizations
★ Christian Science Committee on Publication in Canada
===Other advocacy===
★ Christian Scientists providing support for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people
===Neutral===
★ Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy (from Project Gutenberg)
★ Kappeler Institute (treats Christian Science as a science rather than a religion)
===Criticism of Christian Science from atheist, fundamentalist and other perspectives===
★ Religion and Medicine: The Christian Science Holocaust - by Gerald Bergman, Ph. D.
★ Christian Way: Former Christian Scientists for Jesus Christ
★ Watchman Fellowship Profile on Christian Science
★ Financial Crisis Rocks Christian Science (Article from the Christian Research Journal, Spring 1992.)
★ Why I Left Christian Science: The Personal Testimony of Carolyn Poole
★ Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry Article
★ Criticism by Frank R. Zindler (www.atheists.org)
Citations
★ Eddy, Mary Baker, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, Boston: Trustees Under the Will of Mary Baker G. Eddy, 1934. (This book has gone through numerous editions.)
★ Gerber, Russ, "A Matter of Time: Russ Gerber Interviews Dr. Laurance Doyle," Christian Science Sentinel, 30 Dec. 2002, pp. 6-9.
★ Russell, Bertrand, History of Western Philosophy, London: Unwin, 1979.
★ Comparative longevity in a college cohort of Christian Scientists
★ Child Fatalities From Religion-motivated Medical Neglect
★ The Kingdom of the Cults, , Walter, Martin, Bethany House Publishers, ,
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