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'Christiaan Huygens' (pronounced in English (IPA): ; in Dutch: ) (April 14, 1629 – July 8, 1695), was a Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist; born in The Hague as the son of Constantijn Huygens. He studied law and mathematics at the University of Leiden and the College of Orange in Breda before turning to science. Historians commonly associate Huygens with the scientific revolution.
Huygens generally receives minor credit for his role in the development of modern calculus and his original observations on sound perception (see Repetition Pitch). He also achieved note for his arguments that light consisted of waves; (see: wave-particle duality). In 1655, he discovered Saturn's moon Titan. He also examined Saturn's planetary rings, and in 1656 he discovered that those rings consisted of rocks. In the same year he observed and sketched the Orion Nebula. His drawing, the first such known of the Orion nebula, was published in ''Systema Saturnium'' in 1659. Using his modern telescope he succeeded in subdividing the nebula into different stars. (The brighter interior of the Orion Nebula bears the name of the ''Huygens Region'' in his honour.) He also discovered several interstellar nebulae and some double stars. Huygens formulated as first what is now known as the second law of motion of Isaac Newton in a quadratic form. Newton reformulated and generalized that law.
After Blaise Pascal encouraged him to do so, Huygens wrote the first book on probability theory, which he had published in 1657.
He also worked on the construction of accurate clocks, suitable for naval navigation. In 1658 he published a book on this topic called ''Horologium''. In fact his invention on Christmas 1656, the pendulum clock (patented 1657), was a breakthrough in timekeeping. Devices known as escapements regulate the rate of a watch or clock, and the anchor escapement represented a major step in the development of accurate watches. Subsequent to this publication, Huygens discovered that the cycloid was an isochronous curve and, applied to pendulum clocks in the form of cycloidal cheeks guiding a flexible pendulum suspension, would ensure a regular (i.e isochronous) swing of the pendulum irrespective of its amplitude, i.e. irrspective of how it moved side to side. The mathematical and practical details of this finding were published in "Horologium Oscillatorium" of 1673. Huygens also observed that two pendulums mounted on the same beam will come to swing in perfectly opposite directions, an observation he referred to as odd sympathy. Contrary to sometimes expressed popular belief Huygens was not a clockmaker, and is not known to have ever made any clock himself; he was a scholar, scientist and inventor, and the oldest known pendulum clocks were made "under the privilege" -i.e. based on a license from Huygens- by Salomon Coster in The Hague. The oldest known Huygens style pendulum clock is dated 1657 and can be seen at the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}, which also shows an important astronomical clock owned and used by Huygens.
Huygens also developed a balance spring clock more or less contemporaneously with, though separately from, Robert Hooke, and controversy over whose invention was the earlier persisted for centuries. In February 2006, a long-lost copy of Hooke's handwritten notes from several decades' Royal Society meetings was discovered in a cupboard in Hampshire, and the balance-spring controversy appears by evidence contained in those notes to be settled in favor of Hooke's claim.
The Royal Society elected Huygens a member in 1663. In the year 1666 Huygens moved to Paris where he held a position at the French Academy of Sciences under the patronage of Louis XIV. Using the Paris Observatory (completed in 1672) he made further astronomical observations. In 1684 he published "Astroscopia Compendiaria" which presented his new aerial (tubeless) telescope.
Huygens speculated in detail about life on other planets. In his book ''Cosmotheoros'', further entitled ''The celestial worlds discover'd: or, conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets'' (see online edition) he imagined a universe brimming with life, much of it very similar to life on 17th century Earth. The liberal climate in the Netherlands of that time not only allowed but encouraged such speculation. In sharp contrast, philosopher Giordano Bruno, who also believed in many inhabited worlds, was burned at the stake by the Italian authorities for his beliefs in 1600.
In 1675, Christiaan Huygens patented a pocket watch. He also invented numerous other devices, including a 31 tone to the octave keyboard instrument which made use of his discovery of 31 equal temperament.
Huygens moved back to The Hague in 1681 after suffering serious illness. He attempted to return to France in 1685 but the revocation of the Edict of Nantes precluded this move. Huygens died in The Hague on July 8, 1695.

Contents

Named after Huygens

External links

References

Biography

Named after Huygens

★ The Huygens probe: The lander for the Saturnian moon Titan, part of the Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn

★ Asteroid 2801 Huygens

★ A crater on Mars

★ Mons Huygens, a mountain on the Moon

★ Huygens Software, a microscope image processing package.

★ Achromatic eyepiece design named about him

★ The Huygens–Fresnel principle, a simple model to understand disturbances in wave propagation.

★ Huygens wavelets, the fundamental mathematical basis for scalar diffraction theory

★ W.I.S.V. Christiaan Huygens: Dutch study guild for the studies Mathemathics and Computer Science at the Delft University of Technology

★ Huygens Laboratory: Home of the Physics department at Leiden University, The Netherlands

★ Huygens Supercomputer: National Supercomputer facility of The Netherlands, located at SARA in Amsterdam

★ The Huygens-building in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, first building on the Space Business park opposite Estec (ESA)

★ The Huygens-building at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. One of the major buildings of the science department at the university of Nijmegen.

External links

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★ Treatise on Light translated into English by Silvanus P. Thompson, Project Gutenberg etext.

★ De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae or The Value of all Chances in Games of Fortune, 1657Christiaan Huygens' book on probability theory. An English translation published in 1714. Text pdf file.

★ Huygensmuseum Hofwijck in Voorburg, The Netherlands, where Huygens lived and worked.

★ Huygens Clocks exhibition from the Science Museum, London

★ Huygens and music theory Huygens–Fokker Foundation —on Huygens' 31 equal temperament and how it has been used

★ How to pronounce "Christiaan Huygens" (includes sound file of pronunciations by Dutch people)

★ Systema Saturnium 1659 text a digital edition of Smithsonian Libraries

★ Exhibition on Huygens in University Library Leiden (in Dutch)

★ Christiaan Huygens on the 25 Dutch Guilder banknote of the 1950's.

References

1. Hans van den Ende: "Huygens's Legacy, The Golden Age of the Pendulum Clock", Fromanteel Ldt., 2004,
2. van Kersen, Frits & van den Ende, Hans: Oppwindende Klokken - De Gouden Eeuw van het Slingeruurwerk 12 September - 29 november 2004 [Exhibition Catalog Paleis Het Loo]; Apeldoorn: Paleis Het Loo,2004
3. Hooijmaijers, Hans; Telling time - Devices for time measurement in museum Boerhaave - A Descriptive Catalogue; Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 2005
4. No Author given; Chistiaan Huygens 1629-1695, Chapter 1: Slingeruurwerken; Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1988

Biography

Andriesse, C.D., ''Huygens The Man Behind the Principle''. Foreword by Sally Miedema, Cambridge University Press 2005