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The 'Chupanids', also known as the 'Süldüz' or the 'Chobanids' (سلسله امرای چوپانی, ''Amir Chupani''), were descendants of a Mongol family that came to prominence in 14th century Persia.^[1] At first serving under the Ilkhans, they took de facto control of the territory after the fall of the Ilkhanate. The Chupanids made Arran (Azerbaijan) their stronghold, while the Jalayirids took control in Baghdad.^[2]

Contents

Early Chupanids

Amir Chupan and his Sons

Baghdad Khatun

Role During the Fall of the Ilkhnate, and Hasan-i Kuchak

Malek Ashraf and the Chupanid decline

Modern descendents

References

Early Chupanids

The early Chupanids were members of the Soldus tribe. Sorgan Sira, one of the first important Chupanids, served Genghis Khan during the latter's rise to power. Later on, the Chupanids came to live under the authority of the Ilkhanate. A descendent of Sorgan Sira, Amir Tuda'un, was killed in 1277 fighting against the Mamelukes at the battle of Eblistan. He left a son, Malek, who in turn fathered Amir Chupan, the namesake of the Chupanids.

Amir Chupan and his Sons

''Main article: Chupan''
During the early 1300s, Amir Chupan served under three successive Ilkhans, beginning with Ghazan. As a military commander, he quickly gained a degree of influence over the Ilkhans, and married several members of the line of Hulagu Khan. His power fueled resentment among the nobility, who attempted a conspiracy against him in 1319 but failed. The Ilkhan Abu Sa'id, however, also disliked Chupan's influence, and successfully eliminated him from court. He fled in 1327 to Herat, where the Kartids executed him. His sons took flight, to the Golden Horde or the Mamelukes, or were killed as well.

Baghdad Khatun

''Main article: Bagdad Katun''
The Chupanids were not completely wiped out from Persia. A daughter of Chupan's, Bagdad Katun, had captured the eye of Abu Sa'id. During Chupan's lifetime, she had been married to Hasan Buzurg, the future founder of the Jalayirids, but after Chupan fled Hasan Buzurg divorced her, and she married Abu Sa'id. She quickly gained influence over the Ilkhan, and was prone to exercising the wide powers given to her. She was alleged (but never proven) to have been involved in any conspiracies against the Ilkhan, but was believed by some to have caused Abu Sa'id's death in 1335. She was eventually executed by Abu Sa'id's successor Arpa Ke'un.

Role During the Fall of the Ilkhnate, and Hasan-i Kuchak

''Main article: Hasan Kucek''
Arpa Ke'un's position proved to be weak; when a granddaughter of Chupan's, Delsad Katun, fled to Diyarbakr, it caused the governor of that region to attack and defeat the Ilkhan. During the strife that occurred in the next few years, individual members of the Chupanids sided with various factions, such as Arpa or Hasan Buzurg. The latter ended up marrying Delsad Katun, who provided for the heirs to the Jalayirid position.
While the Jalayirids were consolidating their position in Iraq, however, other Chupanid were also busy. Hasan Kucek, a grandson of Chupan, rallied much of the Chupanid family to his side and defeated the Jalayirids in 1338, paving the way for a Chupanid realm in the area around Tabriz. That same year, he elevated Sati Beg, sister of Abu Sa'id and widow of Chupan, to the Ilkhanid throne. To keep Sati Beg in check, he forced her to marry his puppet Suleiman Khan. Hasan Kucek continued to fight the Jalayirids (a fight which was further complicated by the incursions made by Togha Temur of Khurasan), but family infighting proved to be the most difficult challenge. Several members defected to the Jalayirids; in any case, Hasan Kucek was forced to deal with them up until his death in 1343.

Malek Ashraf and the Chupanid decline

''Main article: Malek Ashraf''
A power struggle quickly emerged after Hasan Kucek's death. During the dispute, Hasan Kucek's brother Malek Asraf gained the upper hand and eliminated his uncles. By the end of 1344, Malek Asraf had gained effective control of the Chupanid lands. Like his predecessor, Malek Asraf used puppet monarchs from behind which he ruled. During his reign, the Chupanid attempted to capture Baghdad from the Jalayirids in 1347 but failed miserably. He also failed to seize Fars from the Injuids in 1350. As his reign wore on, Malek Asraf became more and more cruel, prompting widespread dissatisfaction amongst his subjects. When forces of the Golden Horde overran the Chupanid realm and captured Tabriz in 1357, few lamented the loss of power by the Chupanids. Malek Asraf was executed, and his family brought north to the Golden Horde. Malek Asraf's offspring were eventually killed off in Persia, bringing a definitive end to the Chupanids as a power.

Modern descendents

Modern descendents of the Chupanids in Iran today share the dynastic surname ''Amir Chupani'' and are primarily found in the Khorasan provinces, especially in the area of Mashhad.

References

1. Ta'rīkh-i Shaikh Uwais: History of Shaikh Uwais - by Abū Bakr al-Quṭbī Aharī, Abu Bakr al Qutbi al-Ahri, Johannes Baptist van Loon
2. Encyclopædia Britannica


★ Charles Melville and Abbas Zaryab [1]