'Chinese Art' (
Chinese: 中國藝術/中国艺术) has varied throughout its
ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling
dynasties of China and changing technology. Different forms of art have been influenced by great philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even political leaders. Chinese art encompasses
fine arts,
folk arts and
performance arts.
History
''Green Hills and White Clouds'', by Gao Kogong, 1270-1310 AD.
Early forms of art in China were made from
pottery and
jade in the Neolithic period, to which was added bronze in the
Shang Dynasty. The Shang are most remembered for their bronze casting, noted for its clarity of detail. Early Chinese music and poetry was influenced by the ''
Book of Songs'',
Confucius and the Chinese poet and statesman
Qu Yuan. Early
Chinese music was based on percussion instruments, which later gave away to string and reed instruments.
Chinese furniture began its development around 1500 AD, generally made of softwood or bamboo.
In early imperial China,
porcelain was introduced and was refined to the point that in English the word ''china'' has become synonymous with high-quality porcelain. Around the 1st century AD,
Buddhism arrived in China, though it did not become popular until the 4th century. At this point, Chinese Buddhist art began to flourish, a process which continued through the 8th century. It was during the period of Imperial China that
calligraphy and painting became highly appreciated arts in court circles, with a great deal of work done on silk until well after the invention of paper.
Buddhist architecture and sculpture thrived in the
Sui and
Tang dynasty. Of which, the Tang Dynasty was particularly open to foreign influence. Buddhist sculpture returned to a classical form, inspired by
Indian art of the
Gupta period. Toward the late Tang dynasty, all foreign religions were outlawed to support
Taoism.
In the
Song Dynasty, poetry was marked by a lyric poetry known as
Ci (詞) which expressed feelings of desire, often in an adopted persona. Also in the Song dynasty, paintings of more subtle expression of landscapes appeared, with blurred outlines and mountain contours which conveyed distance through an impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. It was during this period that in painting, emphasis was placed on spiritual rather than emotional elements, as in the previous period.
Kunqu, the oldest extant form of Chinese opera developed during the Song Dynasty in
Kunshan, near present-day
Shanghai. In the
Yuan dynasty, painting by the Chinese painter
Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫) greatly influenced later Chinese landscape painting, and the Yuan dynasty opera became a variant of Chinese opera which continues today as
Cantonese opera.
Late imperial China was marked by two specific dynasties: Ming and Qing. Of
Ming Dynasty poetry,
Gao Qi was acknowledged as the greatest poet of the era. Artwork in the Ming dynasty perfected color painting and color printing, with a wider color range and busier compositions than Song paintings. In the
Qing dynasty, Beijing opera was introduced; it is considered the one of the best-known forms of Chinese opera. Qing poetry was marked by a poet named
Yuan Mei whose poetry has been described as having "unusually clear and elegant language" and who stressed the importance of personal feeling and technical perfection. Under efforts of masters from the Shanghai School during the late Qing Dynasty, traditional Chinese art reached another climax and continued to the present in forms of the "
Chinese painting" (''guohua'', 國畫). The Shanghai School challenged and broke the literati tradition of Chinese art, while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques.
New forms of Chinese art was heavily influenced by the
New Culture Movement, which adopted Western techniques, introduced oil painting and employed
socialist realism. The
Cultural Revolution would shape Chinese art in the 20th century like no other event in history with the
Four Olds destruction campaign. Contemporary Chinese artists continue to produce a wide range of experimental works, multimedia installations, and performance "happenings" which have become very popular in the international art market.
Types
''A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines'' by
Wang Hui, 1693.
See also
★
Culture of China
★
Culture of Hong Kong
★
Longmen Grottoes
★
Four Olds
External links
★
88 mocca - The Museum of Chinese Contemporary Art on the web
★
ShangART Gallery Shanghai
★
The Saatchi Gallery
★
Chinese Contemporary Art
References
★ Lee Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. ''Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464039
★ Shen, Sinyan. ''China: A Journey into Its Musical Art (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464071
★ Shen, Sinyan. ''Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464047
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