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EspañolCHILD ABUSE
'Child abuse' is the physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of children by parents, guardians, or others. While most child abuse happens in the child's home, large numbers of cases of child abuse have been identified within some organizations involving children, such as churches, schools, child care businesses, and in particular native residential schools[1], or in government agencies[2]. It also sometimes occurs almost anywhere (eg kidnappings, random murders etc.)
According to a recent UNICEF report on child well-being [2] the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among rich nations with respect to the well being of their children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present.
There are many forms of abuse and neglect and many governments have developed their own ''legal'' definition of what constitutes child maltreatment for the purposes of removing a child and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. In the United States, the Federal Government puts out a full definition of child abuse and neglect and creates a summary of each State definition. To view, go to Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect: Summary of State Laws [3] that is part of the 2005 State Statute series by the Child Welfare Information Gateway.
Child abuse in its various forms has numerous effects and consequences, both tangible and intangible, upon society, those mistreated, and those entrusted with the responsibility of its detection, prevention and treatment.
The U.S. National Adoption Center found that 52% of adoptable children (meaning those children in U.S. foster care) freed for adoption had symptoms of attachment disorder. A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited attachment disorder symptoms (disorganized subtype). Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press. Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E.M., Greenberg, M.T., & Marvin, R.S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3-50). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Children with histories of maltreatment, such as physical and psychological neglect and physical abuse are at risk of developing severe psychiatric problems. Gauthier, L., Stollak, G., Messe, L., & Arnoff, J. (1996). Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning. Child Abuse and Neglect 20, 549-559 Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993) Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin 114, 68-69 These children are likely to develop reactive attachment disorder. Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press Greenberg, M. (1999). Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of Attachment (pp.469-496). NY: Guilford Press These children may be described as experiencing trauma-attachment problems. The trauma experienced is the result of abuse or neglect, inflicted by a primary caregiver, which disrupts the normal development of secure attachment. Such children are at risk of developing a disorganized attachment. Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, Carlson, E.A. (1988). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development 69, 1107-1128 as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms. Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, 64-73 Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development 64, 572-585
There are many causes of child abuse. Many child abusers were themselves victims of abuse. Mental illness is another common factor, with many abusers have personality disorder or other severe forms of mental illness. Psychosocial factors also play a role.
Parental choices and other unforeseen circumstances that place families under extraordinary stress ― for instance, poverty, divorce, sickness, disability, lack of parental skills and drugs are often associated to child maltreatment. Children in families that have a parent deployed in combat are also more likely to be victims of child maltreatment. Many of these factors may contribute to family stress that can result in child abuse or neglect. Understanding the root causes of abuse can help better determine the best methods of prevention and treatment. There are four primary categories as to why people harm their children. Intergenerational transmission of violence, social stress, social isolation and low community involvement, and family structure.
Given these possible causes, most professionals agree that there are three levels of prevention services; primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
Primary prevention consists of activities that are targeted at the community level. These activities are meant to impact families prior to any allegations of abuse and neglect. Primary prevention services include public education activities, parent education classes that are open to anyone in the community, and family support programs. Primary prevention can be difficult to measure because you are attempting to impact something before it happens, an unknown variable.
Secondary prevention consists of activities targeted to families that have one or more risk factors including families with substance abuse, teen parents, parents of special need children, single parents, and low income families. Secondary prevention services include parent education classes targeted for high risk parents, respite care for parents of a child with a disability, or home visiting programs for new parents.
Tertiary prevention consists of activities targeted to families that have confirmed or unconfirmed child abuse and neglect reports. These families have already demonstrated the need for intervention, with or without court supervision. Prevention supporters consider 'tertiary prevention' synonymous with treatment and entirely different from prevention through family support.
Treatment for those experiencing Complex post-traumatic stress disorder, which is caused by early chronic maltreatment, should address each dimension. Often treatment must be multi-modal. Children who have experienced complex trauma caused by chronic maltreatment can be treated effectively with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy interventions, education, EMDR and other approaches can be effectively used.
Founded in 1959 by Sara O'Meara and Yvonne Fedderson, Childhelp USA is one of the largest and oldest national nonprofit organizations dedicated to the prevention of child abuse, neglect as well as to the treatment of its victims in the United States. Childhelp's programs, which directly serve abused children and their families, focus on meeting the children's physical, emotional, educational and spiritual needs. In 2005, O'Meara and Fedderson were both nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
The children's aid society (CAS) , also known as Family and Children's Services (F&CS), is a non-profit agency working in local communities to provide help and support to children and their families in Canada. [3]
The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, founded in 1977, is the only multidisciplinary international organization that brings together a worldwide cross-section of committed professionals to work towards the prevention and treatment of child abuse, neglect and exploitation globally.
Founded in the early 1980s by Faye Yager, the organization was dedicated to help mothers or fathers whose spouses had allegedly sexually abused their children. Yager's organization gained notoriety for her attempts at helping these parents escape or stop their spouses from having access to their endangered child and/or putting the accused parent behind bars. The organization is reportedly disbanded.
Founded in 1982, Thursday's Child's hotline, 1 800 USA KIDS remains the only child abuse hotline listing with toll-free 800 directory, in the United States . Its website also maintains the only complete list of state child abuse reporting numbers on the Internet.
SPARC is a Pakistan-based child abuse prevention organization. In its annual report titled 'The State of Pakistan's Children-2006', SPARC stated that child abuse in Pakistan is on the rise and that around four Pakistan children are abused everyday and that Pakistan had the highest maternal and infant mortality rates in South Asia. [4]
Silentlambs [4] provide therapy, education, and a venue for speaking out to family and friends, and reporting child molesters to proper authorities. This is done in order to help abused individuals and prevent further abuse to other children.
Main articles: Child Protective Services
Depending on the country, the agencies responsible for investigating child abuse are either managed nationally, regionally, or locally. These agencies may be called Child Protective Services (CPS), Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), or by other similar names. In the U.S., these agencies are usually listed in the state government section of the telephone book under "Children" or "Health" or "Human Services". In a few instances in the U.S., some of the functions of these agencies are outsourced to private individuals or companies.
People who investigate claims of child abuse may be called a "children's social worker" (CSW) or a case worker.
Child abuse and neglect is the subject of mandatory reporting in most Australian jurisdictions. Usually professional people such as doctors, nurses and teachers are bound to report strong evidence of abuse or neglect. State authorities, such as the Child Protection Unit of the Department of Human Services (Victoria), have statutory authority to investigate and deal with child abuse.
A document from Child Protection and Family Services, in Melbourne states: "The service system is facing escalating and changing demand pressures and we are increasingly aware of growing client complexity. Too many children, young people and families are coming back into the child protection system on a repeat basis with services making little impact on their issues. The analysis confirms this and identifies the need for a strategic rethink if we are to achieve better outcomes for vulnerable children, young people and their families. " Integrated Strategy for Child Protection and Placement Services
All professionals who work with children, such as teachers, health professionals and so forth are required by professional codes of conduct to report to social services (or the police as appropriate) any 'concern' (neglect, physical, sexual or emotional abuse) regarding a child's welfare. The police and social services operate a multi-agency approach in cases of serious abuse. This system started in the 1960s following the death of Maria Colwell, but was insufficiently effective and a number of notorious cases over the years have resulted in several major overhauls of the system, the most recent being following the death of Victoria Climbie in 2000. Social Service departments, organised regionally, are required to investigate reports of abuse, keep records and take appropriate action to protect children. This can range from the provision of advice and support to families through to immediate removal under an Emergency Protection Order, and Care proceedings which may result in permanent placement of the child outside the family. In care proceedings the welfare of the child is paramount and all information affecting the welfare of a child must be disclosed by professionals, including lawyers, regardless of their clients' interests.
★ Attachment disorder
★ Adoption
★ Attachment theory
★ Child sacrifice
★ Child sexual abuse
★ Child Welfare
★ Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
★ Covert incest
★ Dissociative identity disorder
★ Emotional abuse
★ Emotional dysregulation
★ Foster care
★ Incest
★ Trafficking of children
1. Abuse at Native Residential Schools
2. [1] "Getting Away with Murder—Of children" and "Missed Clues—Lost Lives : TORONTO STAR, 1998"]
3. Ontario Association of Children Aid Societies
4. Four Pakistan children abused daily: SPARC report
On the history of child abuse and attempts to protect children, see Linda Gordon, "Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence," NY, Penguin, 1988, and Champaign, IL., Univ. of Illinois Press, 2003.
★ Survivors Hope A website and forums for survivors of all types of abuse, and mental health problems.
★ The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study is an ongoing study of the long-term damage abuse during childhood causes to adult health. The study is conducted by Robert F. Anda, MD, MS, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Vincent J. Felitti, MD, of Kaiser Permanente.
★ Help for Adult Victims Of Child Abuse (HAVOCA) Provides support, friendship and advice for any adult who's life has been affected by childhood abuse.
★ More than Survival is a blog dedicated to adult victims of child abuse.
★ Preventing Child Abuse from The Directory of Children's Issues. Summer 2006.
★ ''Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse & Neglect (US Department of Health and Human Services)
★ The History of Child Abuse from The Journal of Psychohistory 25 (3) Winter 1998
★ helloiChild Abuse Types, Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help
★ Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources
★ http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/publications/downloads/childmaltreatmentintheukexecsummary_pdf_gf25453.pdf NSPCC report on child maltreatment in the UK (November 2000)]
★ Preventing Child Abuse Internet Safety FAQ
★ The Safeguarding Children Partnership, a UK charity dedicated to child protection training.
★ http://www.afterfostercare.ca - Canadians affected by foster care helping each other.
★ Maltreatment and the Developing Child.
★ Child Abuse and the Handicapped Child
★ Counseling Abused Children
★ Teaching the Abused Migrant Child: What's a Teacher To Do?
★ A site containing child abuse editorials...
★ Classroom Strategies for Teaching Migrant Children about Child Abuse
★ Therapeutic Child Protection Work
★ National Association to Protect Children
★ DCFWatch - a non profit organization monitoring civil rights abuses by U.S. Child Protection Agencies
★ National Coalition for Child Protection Reform
★ 'What to do if You're Worried a Child is Being Abused', leaflet published by the UK Department of Health
★ Childhelp USA's National Child Abuse Website
★ Stepchildren of the state - A Swedish association for fosterchildren and statehomechildren
★ Resources on Children Exposed to Domestic Violence a form of child abuse in many jurisdictions
★ Liberated From Abuse Sexual Abuse Education
★ Maltreatment and the Developing Child by Dr. Bruce Perry
According to a recent UNICEF report on child well-being [2] the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among rich nations with respect to the well being of their children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present.
There are many forms of abuse and neglect and many governments have developed their own ''legal'' definition of what constitutes child maltreatment for the purposes of removing a child and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. In the United States, the Federal Government puts out a full definition of child abuse and neglect and creates a summary of each State definition. To view, go to Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect: Summary of State Laws [3] that is part of the 2005 State Statute series by the Child Welfare Information Gateway.
Effects of child abuse
Child abuse in its various forms has numerous effects and consequences, both tangible and intangible, upon society, those mistreated, and those entrusted with the responsibility of its detection, prevention and treatment.
Effects on the child and development
The U.S. National Adoption Center found that 52% of adoptable children (meaning those children in U.S. foster care) freed for adoption had symptoms of attachment disorder. A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited attachment disorder symptoms (disorganized subtype). Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press. Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E.M., Greenberg, M.T., & Marvin, R.S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3-50). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Children with histories of maltreatment, such as physical and psychological neglect and physical abuse are at risk of developing severe psychiatric problems. Gauthier, L., Stollak, G., Messe, L., & Arnoff, J. (1996). Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning. Child Abuse and Neglect 20, 549-559 Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993) Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin 114, 68-69 These children are likely to develop reactive attachment disorder. Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press Greenberg, M. (1999). Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of Attachment (pp.469-496). NY: Guilford Press These children may be described as experiencing trauma-attachment problems. The trauma experienced is the result of abuse or neglect, inflicted by a primary caregiver, which disrupts the normal development of secure attachment. Such children are at risk of developing a disorganized attachment. Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, Carlson, E.A. (1988). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development 69, 1107-1128 as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms. Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, 64-73 Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development 64, 572-585
Causes of child abuse
There are many causes of child abuse. Many child abusers were themselves victims of abuse. Mental illness is another common factor, with many abusers have personality disorder or other severe forms of mental illness. Psychosocial factors also play a role.
Parental choices and other unforeseen circumstances that place families under extraordinary stress ― for instance, poverty, divorce, sickness, disability, lack of parental skills and drugs are often associated to child maltreatment. Children in families that have a parent deployed in combat are also more likely to be victims of child maltreatment. Many of these factors may contribute to family stress that can result in child abuse or neglect. Understanding the root causes of abuse can help better determine the best methods of prevention and treatment. There are four primary categories as to why people harm their children. Intergenerational transmission of violence, social stress, social isolation and low community involvement, and family structure.
Prevention
Given these possible causes, most professionals agree that there are three levels of prevention services; primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
Primary prevention
Primary prevention consists of activities that are targeted at the community level. These activities are meant to impact families prior to any allegations of abuse and neglect. Primary prevention services include public education activities, parent education classes that are open to anyone in the community, and family support programs. Primary prevention can be difficult to measure because you are attempting to impact something before it happens, an unknown variable.
Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention consists of activities targeted to families that have one or more risk factors including families with substance abuse, teen parents, parents of special need children, single parents, and low income families. Secondary prevention services include parent education classes targeted for high risk parents, respite care for parents of a child with a disability, or home visiting programs for new parents.
Tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention consists of activities targeted to families that have confirmed or unconfirmed child abuse and neglect reports. These families have already demonstrated the need for intervention, with or without court supervision. Prevention supporters consider 'tertiary prevention' synonymous with treatment and entirely different from prevention through family support.
Treatment
Treatment for those experiencing Complex post-traumatic stress disorder, which is caused by early chronic maltreatment, should address each dimension. Often treatment must be multi-modal. Children who have experienced complex trauma caused by chronic maltreatment can be treated effectively with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy interventions, education, EMDR and other approaches can be effectively used.
Child abuse prevention organizations
Childhelp USA
Founded in 1959 by Sara O'Meara and Yvonne Fedderson, Childhelp USA is one of the largest and oldest national nonprofit organizations dedicated to the prevention of child abuse, neglect as well as to the treatment of its victims in the United States. Childhelp's programs, which directly serve abused children and their families, focus on meeting the children's physical, emotional, educational and spiritual needs. In 2005, O'Meara and Fedderson were both nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
C.A.S. Children's Aid Societies in Canada
The children's aid society (CAS) , also known as Family and Children's Services (F&CS), is a non-profit agency working in local communities to provide help and support to children and their families in Canada. [3]
ISPCAN (International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect)
The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, founded in 1977, is the only multidisciplinary international organization that brings together a worldwide cross-section of committed professionals to work towards the prevention and treatment of child abuse, neglect and exploitation globally.
Children of the Underground
Founded in the early 1980s by Faye Yager, the organization was dedicated to help mothers or fathers whose spouses had allegedly sexually abused their children. Yager's organization gained notoriety for her attempts at helping these parents escape or stop their spouses from having access to their endangered child and/or putting the accused parent behind bars. The organization is reportedly disbanded.
Thursday's Child
Founded in 1982, Thursday's Child's hotline, 1 800 USA KIDS remains the only child abuse hotline listing with toll-free 800 directory, in the United States . Its website also maintains the only complete list of state child abuse reporting numbers on the Internet.
SPARC (Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child)
SPARC is a Pakistan-based child abuse prevention organization. In its annual report titled 'The State of Pakistan's Children-2006', SPARC stated that child abuse in Pakistan is on the rise and that around four Pakistan children are abused everyday and that Pakistan had the highest maternal and infant mortality rates in South Asia. [4]
Silentlambs
Silentlambs [4] provide therapy, education, and a venue for speaking out to family and friends, and reporting child molesters to proper authorities. This is done in order to help abused individuals and prevent further abuse to other children.
Reporting of child abuse
Authorities
Main articles: Child Protective Services
Depending on the country, the agencies responsible for investigating child abuse are either managed nationally, regionally, or locally. These agencies may be called Child Protective Services (CPS), Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), or by other similar names. In the U.S., these agencies are usually listed in the state government section of the telephone book under "Children" or "Health" or "Human Services". In a few instances in the U.S., some of the functions of these agencies are outsourced to private individuals or companies.
People who investigate claims of child abuse may be called a "children's social worker" (CSW) or a case worker.
Reporting abuse and neglect in Australia
Child abuse and neglect is the subject of mandatory reporting in most Australian jurisdictions. Usually professional people such as doctors, nurses and teachers are bound to report strong evidence of abuse or neglect. State authorities, such as the Child Protection Unit of the Department of Human Services (Victoria), have statutory authority to investigate and deal with child abuse.
A document from Child Protection and Family Services, in Melbourne states: "The service system is facing escalating and changing demand pressures and we are increasingly aware of growing client complexity. Too many children, young people and families are coming back into the child protection system on a repeat basis with services making little impact on their issues. The analysis confirms this and identifies the need for a strategic rethink if we are to achieve better outcomes for vulnerable children, young people and their families. " Integrated Strategy for Child Protection and Placement Services
Reporting Abuse in the UK
All professionals who work with children, such as teachers, health professionals and so forth are required by professional codes of conduct to report to social services (or the police as appropriate) any 'concern' (neglect, physical, sexual or emotional abuse) regarding a child's welfare. The police and social services operate a multi-agency approach in cases of serious abuse. This system started in the 1960s following the death of Maria Colwell, but was insufficiently effective and a number of notorious cases over the years have resulted in several major overhauls of the system, the most recent being following the death of Victoria Climbie in 2000. Social Service departments, organised regionally, are required to investigate reports of abuse, keep records and take appropriate action to protect children. This can range from the provision of advice and support to families through to immediate removal under an Emergency Protection Order, and Care proceedings which may result in permanent placement of the child outside the family. In care proceedings the welfare of the child is paramount and all information affecting the welfare of a child must be disclosed by professionals, including lawyers, regardless of their clients' interests.
Notable incidents of child abuse
★ The death of Marcela Hope Yellowbear ★ The death of Elisa Izquierdo ★ The death of Nixzmary Brown ★ The Dave Pelzer case ★ The Richard Pelzer case ★ The Susan Wiley case ★ The Julie Gregory case ★ The Kymmy Vitenskapsmann case ★ The death of Joseph Wallace ★ The death of Nadine Lockwood ★ The Joel Steinberg Case ★ The death of Dennis Jurgens ★ The Tulasa Thapa Case ★ The death of Justina Morales ★ The death of Candace Newmaker ★ The death of Jeffrey Baldwin ★ The Louise Woodward case | ★ The death of Victoria Climbie[5] ★ The deaths of Suesan and Sheila Knorr by their mother Theresa Knorr ISBN 0-312-95542-1 ★ The case of Raymond and Vanessa Jackson ★ The death of Sylvia Likens ★ The death of Chazarus \"Cha Cha\" Hill Jr. ★ The death of Raijon Daniels ★ The deaths of Trayshawn Harris, Taronta Greely Jr., and Joshua Greely ★ The death of Ursula Sunshine Assaid[6] ★ The kidnapping of Elizabeth Smart ★ The death of Judith Barsi ★ The death of Samantha Runnion ★ The death of Louis Leong ★ The beating of Haleigh Poutre ★ The death of Michelle Morgan ★ The death of Tesslynn O'Cull ★ The death of Adam Walsh ★ The Marta Laureano case |
See also
★ Attachment disorder
★ Adoption
★ Attachment theory
★ Child sacrifice
★ Child sexual abuse
★ Child Welfare
★ Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
★ Covert incest
★ Dissociative identity disorder
★ Emotional abuse
★ Emotional dysregulation
★ Foster care
★ Incest
★ Trafficking of children
References
1. Abuse at Native Residential Schools
2. [1] "Getting Away with Murder—Of children" and "Missed Clues—Lost Lives : TORONTO STAR, 1998"]
3. Ontario Association of Children Aid Societies
4. Four Pakistan children abused daily: SPARC report
On the history of child abuse and attempts to protect children, see Linda Gordon, "Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence," NY, Penguin, 1988, and Champaign, IL., Univ. of Illinois Press, 2003.
External links
★ Survivors Hope A website and forums for survivors of all types of abuse, and mental health problems.
★ The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study is an ongoing study of the long-term damage abuse during childhood causes to adult health. The study is conducted by Robert F. Anda, MD, MS, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Vincent J. Felitti, MD, of Kaiser Permanente.
★ Help for Adult Victims Of Child Abuse (HAVOCA) Provides support, friendship and advice for any adult who's life has been affected by childhood abuse.
★ More than Survival is a blog dedicated to adult victims of child abuse.
★ Preventing Child Abuse from The Directory of Children's Issues. Summer 2006.
★ ''Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse & Neglect (US Department of Health and Human Services)
★ The History of Child Abuse from The Journal of Psychohistory 25 (3) Winter 1998
★ helloiChild Abuse Types, Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help
★ Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources
★ http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/publications/downloads/childmaltreatmentintheukexecsummary_pdf_gf25453.pdf NSPCC report on child maltreatment in the UK (November 2000)]
★ Preventing Child Abuse Internet Safety FAQ
★ The Safeguarding Children Partnership, a UK charity dedicated to child protection training.
★ http://www.afterfostercare.ca - Canadians affected by foster care helping each other.
★ Maltreatment and the Developing Child.
★ Child Abuse and the Handicapped Child
★ Counseling Abused Children
★ Teaching the Abused Migrant Child: What's a Teacher To Do?
★ A site containing child abuse editorials...
★ Classroom Strategies for Teaching Migrant Children about Child Abuse
★ Therapeutic Child Protection Work
★ National Association to Protect Children
★ DCFWatch - a non profit organization monitoring civil rights abuses by U.S. Child Protection Agencies
★ National Coalition for Child Protection Reform
★ 'What to do if You're Worried a Child is Being Abused', leaflet published by the UK Department of Health
★ Childhelp USA's National Child Abuse Website
★ Stepchildren of the state - A Swedish association for fosterchildren and statehomechildren
★ Resources on Children Exposed to Domestic Violence a form of child abuse in many jurisdictions
★ Liberated From Abuse Sexual Abuse Education
★ Maltreatment and the Developing Child by Dr. Bruce Perry
★ Information on the evaluation and treatment of maltreated/abused children.
★ Singer, Songwriter, Actor Paul Williams has set up a page with information and links for those who are in abuse relationships or know of someone who may be
★ Prevent Child Abuse America
★ National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (Australia)
★ Alice Miller's website about Child Mistreatment, Child Abuse in 3 languages
★ Indentify and Report Child Abuse
★ Youthville is a nonprofit organization that works with abused children in the state of Kansas.
★ Kids in Trouble Help Page
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