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''"We the Peoples of the United Nations... United for a Better World"''
The 'United Nations Charter' is the treaty that forms and establishes the international organization called the United Nations^[1]. While this document is often misconstrued as a constitution it is, in fact, an agreement between states and not a compact among the individual peoples to create a government. It was signed at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco California, 1945 by 50 of the 51 original member countries (Poland, the other original member, which was not represented at the conference, signed it later). It entered into force on October 24, 1945, after being ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council—the Republic of China (later replaced by the People's Republic of China), France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later replaced by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, and the United States—and a majority of the other signatories.
As a Charter it is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its articles. Furthermore, the Charter states that obligations to the United Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations [1]. Most countries in the world have now ratified the Charter. One notable exception is the Holy See, which has chosen to remain a permanent observer state and therefore is not a full signatory to the Charter. [2]

Contents

Organization of the document

Purposes of the United Nations

Chapter 1, Article 1 of the UN Charter states:

Chapter 1, Article 2 of the UN Charter states:

Trivia

References

See also

External links

Organization of the document

The Charter consists of a ''preamble'' and a series of articles grouped into chapters.^[2]

★ 'Chapter I' sets forth the purposes of the United Nations, including the important provisions of the maintenance of international peace and security.

★ 'Chapter II' defines the criteria for membership in the United Nations.

★ 'Chapters III-XV', the bulk of the document, describe the organs and institutions of the UN and their respective powers.

★ 'Chapters XVI and XVII' describe arrangements for integrating the UN with established international law.

★ 'Chapters XVIII and XIX' provide for amendment and ratification of the Charter.
The following chapters deal with the enforcement powers of UN bodies:

★ 'Chapter VI' describes the Security Council's power to investigate and mediate disputes;

★ 'Chapter VII ' describes the Security Council's power to authorize economic, diplomatic, and military sanctions, as well as the use of military force, to resolve disputes;

★ 'Chapter VIII' makes it possible for regional arrangements to maintain peace and security within their own region;

★ 'Chapters IX and X' describe the UN's powers for economic and social cooperation, and the Economic and Social Council that oversees these powers;

★ 'Chapters XII and XIII' describe the Trusteeship Council, which oversaw decolonization;

★ 'Chapters XIV and XV' establish the powers of, respectively, the International Court of Justice and the United Nations Secretariat.

Purposes of the United Nations

Chapter 1, Article 1 of the UN Charter states:

The Purposes of the United Nations are^[3]
# To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
# To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
# To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
# To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

Chapter 1, Article 2 of the UN Charter states:

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles^[4]:
# The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
# All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
# All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
# All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
# All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
# The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. [3]

Trivia

Alger Hiss (then a U.S. State Department official, but later imprisoned for perjury) served as secretary general of the conference. Following the signing formalities, he was personally in charge of transporting the official Charter to Washington. He describes, in his contribution to the UN Oral History Collection, carrying the document by plane, in a waterproof box equipped with its own parachute.[4]

References

1. Introductory Note
2. Introductory note
3. Chapter 1 Article 1 -Purposes
4. Chapter 1 Article 2 -Principles

See also

★ Command responsibility

★ Nuremberg Principles

★ Implications of the Charter for the Bush Doctrine

★ Dumbarton Oaks - location where the majority of the Charter was drafted

★ Civic Center, San Francisco, California - location where the Charter was signed.

External links

★ Full text of the charter

★ Searchable/cross-referenced/Trackback-enabled text of the charter

★ Charter of the United Nations at Law-Ref.org - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents

★ Full text of the charter in PDF Format at filepedia.org