(Redirected from Charles I of Sicily)
'Charles I' (March
1226 –
1285), commonly called 'Charles of Anjou', was the
King of Sicily by conquest from 1266 (though he had received it as a
papal grant in 1262), though he was expelled from the island in the aftermath of the
Sicilian Vespers of 1282. Thereafter, he continued to claim the island, though his power was restricted to the peninsular possessions of the kingdom, with his capital at
Naples (and for this he is usually titled King of Naples after 1282, as are his successors).
Charles was the youngest son of
Louis VIII of France and
Blanche of Castile, and hence younger brother of
Louis IX of France and
Alfonso II of Toulouse. He conquered the Kingdom of Sicily from the
Hohenstaufen and began to acquire lands in the eastern
Mediterranean. However, the
War of the Sicilian Vespers forced him to abandon his plans to reassemble the
Latin Empire.
By marriage to
Beatrice, heiress of
Raymond Berengar IV of Provence, he was
Count of Provence and Forcalquier from 1246. In 1247, his brother Louis IX made him
Count of Anjou and
Maine, as appanages of the French crown. By conquest and self-proclamation, he became
King of Albania in 1272 and by purchase
King of Jerusalem in 1277. By the testament of
William II of Villehardouin, he inherited the
Principality of Achaea in 1278.
Biography
Ancestors
Early life
Charles was born in
1226, shortly before the death of his father, King Louis VIII. Like his inmediate older brother, Philippe Dagobert (who died in
1232 aged 10) he can't received a county as
appanage, as his older brothers. Shortly after the death of Philippe Dagobert, other brother, John Tristan, Count of Anjou and Maine, also died. Charles became in the next in line to received the Counties, but only was formally invested in
1247. The affection of his mother Blanche seems largely to have been bestowed upon his brother Louis; and Louis tended to favour his other younger brothers,
Robert of Artois and
Alphonse of Toulouse. The self-reliance this engendered in Charles may account for the drive and ambition he showed in his later life.
Marriage and children
Charles was wedded to
Beatrice of Provence on
January 31,
1246, in
Aix-en-Provence. Beatrice was the youngest daughter of
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, who had died on
August 19,
1245 by his wife
Beatrice of Savoy. As his elder three daughters had all married kings and received substantial dowries, Raymond settled his entire inheritance upon Beatrice, making Charles Count of Provence and Forcalquier. They had the following children:
# Louis (1248,
Nicosia)
# Blanche (1250 – July 1269), married 1265 Count
Robert III of Flanders
# Beatrice (1252–1275), married
October 15,
1273 at
Foggia to
Philip of Courtenay, titular
Emperor of Constantinople
#
Charles II of Naples (1254 – 1309)
# Philip of Sicily (1256 –
January 1,
1277), titular
King of Thessalonica from 1274, married
May 28,
1271 to
Isabella of Villehardouin
# Robert (1258–1265)
# Elizabeth or Maria (1261 – c. 1300), married bef. September 1272 to
Ladislas IV of Hungary
After the death of Beatrice, he married
Margaret of Burgundy in 1268. Their only daughter, Margaret, died in infancy.
Accession in Provence
Upon his accession as Count of Provence and Forcalquier in 1246, Charles rapidly found himself in difficulties. His sisters-in-law felt cheated by their father's will, and his mother-in-law the Dowager Countess Beatrice of Savoy claimed the entire County of Forcalquier and the usufruct of Provence as her
jointure. Furthermore, while Provence was technically a part of the
Kingdom of Burgundy and hence of the
Holy Roman Empire, in practice it was free of central authority. The recent counts had governed with a light hand, and the nobilities and cities (three of which,
Marseille,
Arles, and
Avignon were Imperial cities technically separate from the county) had enjoyed great liberties. Charles, in contrast, was disposed towards a rigid administration; he ordered inquests in 1252 and again in 1278 to ascertain his rights
[1] Charles broke the traditional powers of the great towns (Nice, Grasse, Marseille, Arles, Avignon) and aroused considerable hostility by his punctilious insistence on enjoying his full rights and fees. In 1247, while Charles had gone to France to receive the Counties of Anjou and Maine, the local nobility (represented by
Barral of Baux and
Boniface of Castellane) joined with Beatrice and the three Imperial cities to form a defensive league against him. Unfortunately for Charles, he had promised to join his brother on the
Seventh Crusade. For the time being, Charles' only recourse was to compromise with Beatrice, allowing her to have Forcalquier and a third of the Provençal usufruct.
Rich Provence provided the funds that supported his wider career. His rights as landlord were on the whole of recent establishment, but his rights as sovereign entitled him to revenues on the ''
gabelles'' (mainly salt), from ''alberga'' (commutation of ''
gîte'') and ''cavalcata'' (commutation of the duties of military service) and ''quista'' ("aids") (Baratier 1969). From the Church, unlike his brothers in the north, he received virtually nothing.
Charles' agents were efficient, the towns were prosperous, the peasants were buying up the duties of ''
corvée'' and establishing self-governing ''consulats'' in the villages: Provence flourished.
Seventh Crusade and return
Charles sailed with the rest of the Crusaders from
Aigues-Mortes in 1248, and fought gallantly at
Damietta and during the fighting around
Mansourah. However, his piety does not seem to have matched that of his brother (
Jean de Joinville relates a tale of Louis catching him gambling on the voyage from
Egypt to
Acre) and he returned with his brother Alphonse in May 1250. During his absence, open rebellion had broken out in Provence. Charles moved with his characteristic energy to suppress it, and Arles, Avignon, and Barral of Baux had surrendered to him by June 1251. Marseille held out until July 1252, but then sued for peace. Charles imposed a lenient peace, but insisted on the recognition of his full panoply of comital rights, and acknowledgement of his suzerainity by Marseille.
Wider ambitions
In November 1252, the death of his mother
Blanche of Castile caused him to go north to
Paris and assume the joint regency of the kingdom with his brother Alphonse. While in Paris, he was approached by envoys from
Pope Innocent IV. Innocent was then seeking to detach the Kingdom of Sicily from the Holy Roman Empire (in the person of
Conrad IV of Germany), and offered it to Charles, after his brother-in-law
Richard, Earl of Cornwall had declined it. Alphonse, however, was cool to the idea; and King Louis forbade it outright. Balked, Charles took up the cause of
Margaret II of Flanders against her son,
John I, Count of Hainaut in the
War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault. She granted him the
County of Hainaut for his service. King Louis again disapproved, and on his return from
Outremer in 1254 he returned Hainaut to John. The disappointed Charles returned to Provence, which had become restive again. The mediation of King Louis led to a settlement with Beatrice of Savoy, who returned Forcalquier and relinquished her claims for a cash payment and a pension. Marseille had attempted to involve
Pisa and
Alfonso X of Castile in the quarrel, but they proved unreliable as allies, and a coup by the supporters of Charles resulted in the surrender of the city's political powers. Charles spent the next several years quietly increasing his power over various lordships on the borders of Provence. A final rebellion occurred in 1262, when he was absent in France; Boniface of Castellane rebelled yet again, as did Marseille and Hugh of Baux. However, Barral of Baux now remained loyal to Charles, and Charles quickly returned to scatter the rebels. The mediation of
James I of Aragon brought about a settlement; while Marseille was forced to dismantle its fortifications and surrender its arms, it otherwise went unpunished. Surprisingly, this lenity worked to good effect; hereafter, the Provençals proved staunch supporters of Charles, providing money and troops for his further conquests. Many of them were to be rewarded with high posts in his new dominions.
With the usurpation of the Sicilian throne from
Conradin by
Manfred of Sicily in 1258, the relationship between the Papacy and the
Hohenstaufen had changed again. Instead of the boy Conradin, safely sequestered across the
Alps, the Papacy now faced an able military leader in
Italy. Accordingly, when negotiations broke down with Manfred in 1262,
Pope Urban IV again took up the scheme of disseising the Hohenstaufen from the Kingdom, and offered the crown to Charles again. Manfred's own usurpation from Conradin told upon King Louis' scruples; this time, he was persuaded to admit the offer, and Charles ratified a treaty with the Pope in July 1263. The terms were heavily in favor of the Pope; the Kingdom must never be re-united with the Empire, and the King was never to hold Imperial or Papal office, or interfere with ecclesiastical matters in the Kingdom. Nevertheless, Charles accepted eagerly. For money, he called for help from the then-omnipotent Sienese banker,
Orlando Bonsignori.
Conquest of Sicily
Having endorsed the treaty, Charles could now play for time. With Manfred's troops advancing on the Papal States, Charles obtained an extensive renegotiation of the treaty on more favorable lines. As instructions went out to the clergy to submit contributions for the war, Urban IV died in October 1264 at
Perugia, fleeing Manfred. This raised the possibility of a reversal of Papal policy. To underscore his resolve, he broke sharply with his previous policy of lenity and ordered the execution of
Hugh of Baux and several other Provençal rebels, who had been in his hands for a year. Fortunately for Charles, the new
Pope Clement IV was the former adviser of his brother Alphonse and strongly supported the accession of Charles. Charles entered
Rome on
May 23,
1265 and was proclaimed King of Sicily.
Charles was popular in Rome, where he was elected
Senator, and his diplomacy had already undermined Manfred's support in northern Italy. While Charles' campaigns were delayed for lack of money, Manfred, curiously, idled away his time hunting in
Apulia, while his support in the north of Italy dwindled. Charles was able to bring his main army through the Alps, and he and Beatrice were crowned on
January 6,
1266. As Charles' army began an energetic campaign, Manfred suddenly shed his lethargy and moved to meet him. Worried that further delays might endanger the loyalty of his supporters, he attacked Charles' army, then in disarray from the crossing of the hills into
Benevento, on
February 26,
1266. In the
Battle of Benevento that followed, Manfred's army was defeated in detail and he was killed in the melee. Upon his death, resistance throughout the Kingdom collapsed, and Charles was master of Sicily.
While Charles' administration in his new Kingdom was generally fair and honest, it was also stringent. As in Provence, he insisted on maximizing the revenues and privileges he could obtain from his new subjects. Discontent was high; but for now, Charles could focus on extending his power in northern Italy (which alarmed the Pope, who feared a powerful king of all Italy as much as he did an Emperor). But the Pope was willing to allow this; for in September 1267
Conradin marched south to reclaim the rights of the Hohenstaufen, and one of his agents instigated a revolt in
Sicily. He entered Rome on
July 24,
1268, where his arrival was wildly celebrated. At the
Battle of Tagliacozzo, on
August 23,
1268, it appeared he might win the day; but a sudden charge of Charles' reserve discomfited his army and he was forced to flee to Rome. Told it was no longer safe, he attempted to escape to
Genoa, but was arrested and imprisoned in the
Castel dell'Ovo in
Naples. In a trial carefully managed by Charles, Conradin was condemned for treason, and he was beheaded on
October 29,
1268. By the end of 1270, he had captured
Lucera[2] and put down the revolt in Sicily, executing many of the captured. With the whole kingdom powed beneath his strict, if fair, rule, he was ready to consider greater conquests.
Ambitions in the Latin Empire
After the defeat of Manfred at Benevento, Charles immediately began to plan his expansion into the Mediterranean. Historically, the Kingdom of Sicily had at times controlled parts of the eastern
Adriatic seaboard, and Manfred had been possessed of the island of
Corfu and the towns of
Butrinto,
Avlona and
Suboto, which had formed the dowry of his wife Helena. Charles seized these at the end of 1266. From thence, he passed on to intrigue with the remaining nobility of the Latin Empire. In May 1267, he concluded the
Treaty of Viterbo with the exiled
Baldwin II of Constantinople and
William II Villehardouin (through his chancellor
Leonardo of Veruli). Taking advantage of the precarious situation of the remains of the Empire in the face of rising Greek power, he obtained confirmation of his possession of Corfu, the suzerain rights over Achaea, and sovereignty over most of the
Aegean islands. Furthermore, the heirs of both the Latin princes were to marry children of Charles, and Charles was to have the reversion of the Empire and Principality should the couples have no heirs. With few options to check the Byzantine tide, he was well placed to dictate terms.
In 1277, he claims the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Charles' wife Beatrice died on
September 23,
1267, and he immediately sought a new marriage to Margaret, daughter of
Bela IV of Hungary. However, Margaret wished to be a nun (and was later canonized); Charles instead married (on
November 18,
1268),
Margaret, Countess of Tonnerre (1250 –
September 4,
1308,
Tonnerre), the daughter of
Eudes of Burgundy. However, he was able to make a marital alliance with the Hungarians: his son
Charles, Prince of Salerno married Maria, daughter of
crown prince Stephen, while Charles' daughter Elizabeth married Stephen's son
Ladislas.
Eighth Crusade
Having thus made secure his position in the East, he began to prepare a crusade to recover the Latin Empire.
Michael VIII Palaeologus was greatly alarmed at the prospect: he wrote to King Louis, suggesting that he was open to a voluntary union of the Roman and Latin churches, and pointing out the interference a descent on Constantinople would pose to Louis' own crusading plans. Louis took a dim view of his sincerity; but he was eager to take up the cross again, and he notified Charles of his intentions. Charles continued with his preparations against Constantinople, hoping the crusade might be postponed, but he also prepared to turn his brother's crusade to his own advantage. The Caliph of
Tunis,
Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance with the fall of Manfred. However, there were rumors he might be sympathetic to Christianity. Accordingly, Charles suggested to his brother that the arrival of a crusade in his support might bring about Mustansir's conversion. Thus it was that Louis directed the
Eighth Crusade against Tunis. Charles did not arrive until late in the day on
August 25,
1270, only to find that his brother had died of dysentery that morning. Charles took command, and after a few skirmishes, Mustansir concluded a peace treaty and agreed to pay tribute to Charles. Illness continued to plague the army, however, and a storm devastated the fleet of 18 men-of-war and inumerable smaller vessels as it returned to Sicily. Charles was forced to postpone his designs against Constantinople again.
Conquest of Albania and Genoese War
In February 1271, Charles began to expand his Adriatic possessions by capturing
Durazzo, and he soon controlled much of the Albanian interior. In February 1272, he proclaimed himself
King of Albania and appointed
Gazzo Chinardo as his Vicar-General. He hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again, but was delayed by the rise
Pope Gregory X, consecrated on
March 27,
1272. Gregory had high hopes of reconciling Europe, unifying the
Greek and
Latin churches, and launching a new crusade: to that end, he announced the
Council of Lyon, to be held in 1274, and worked to arrange the election of an Emperor.
In November 1272, the strained relations between Charles and
Ghibelline-ruled
Genoa finally broke into war. Ghibelline revolts broke out across the north of Italy, and increasingly occupied the attention of Charles, even as Michael Palaeologus was negotiating a union of churches with the Pope. At the same time, he had made contact with Genoa and was sending money to encourage the revolts in the north. At the apparently successful conclusion of the Council of Lyon, a Union of Churches was declared, and Charles and
Philip of Courtenay were compelled to extend a truce with Michael. This was a blessing in disguise for Charles, for the Ghibellines now controlled most of the north, and he was forced to retreat from
Piedmont in late 1275. In truth, Pope Gregory was not entirely displeased; he regarded north Italy as best dealt with by its new Emperor,
Rudolph of Habsburg, and preferred that Charles be confined to the south. If he wished to make war, let him look to
Outremer; and to this end, Gregory endorsed the sale to Charles of the claims of
Maria of Antioch on the
Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been rejected by the ''
Haute Cour'' there. On
March 18,
1277, he bought her claim and assumed the title of King of Jerusalem, sending
Roger of Sanseverino as his bailli to Acre. There Roger ousted
Balian of Ibelin, the bailli of
Hugh I and compelled the nobles to swear fealty. In the meantime, Gregory had been succeeded by
Pope Innocent V, who arranged a peace between Charles and the Genoese.
Breakdown of the Union
Meanwhile, in Constantinople, the Union of the Churches was proving difficult to arrange, and the Emperor Michael had great difficulty in imposing it on his people. Nevertheless, he persuaded Innocent of his sincerity in working towards it, and Charles was again forbidden to attack Constantinople. Knowing this, Michael began a campaign in Albania in late 1274, where he captured
Berat and
Butrinto. He also enjoyed some success in his campaigns in
Euboea and the
Peloponnese.
Affairs dragged on for several years, until the accession of
Pope Martin IV on
March 23,
1280. Pope Martin was a Frenchman, and lacked the evenhandedness of some of his recent precursors. He brought the full power of the Papacy into line behind Charles' plans. The Union, which had proved impossible to impose upon Constantinople, was called off, and Charles given authorization for the restoration of the Latin Empire.
He opened his campaign in Albania, where his general
Hugh of Sully with 8,000 men captured Butrinto from the
Despotate of Epirus in 1280 and besieging Berat. A Byzantine army of relief under
Michael Tarchaniotes arrived in March, 1281: Hugh of Sully was ambushed and captured, and his army put to flight. The Byzantines took possession of the interior of Albania. Nor was Charles particularly successful in Achaea, where he had become (by the
Treaty of Viterbo) Prince of Achaea on the death of William II Villehardouin in 1278. His bailli
Galeran of Ivry was defeated at
Skorta in his one attempt to engage the Byzantines, and was recalled in 1280 and replaced by
Philip of Lagonesse. Nonetheless, Charles was to launch the body of his crusade (400 ships carrying 27,000 mounted knights) against Constantinople in the spring of 1282.
Sicilian Vespers
But Michael had not been working upon the military front alone. Many Ghibelline officials had fled the Kingdom of Sicily to the court of
Peter III of Aragon, who had married Constance, the daughter and heir of Manfred. Manfred's former chancellor,
John of Procida, had arranged contact between Michael, Peter and the refugees at his court, and conspirators on the island of Sicily itself. Peter began to assemble a fleet at
Barcelona, ostensibly for another Crusade to Tunis. In fact, the master-plan of John of Procida was to place Peter on the throne of Sicily, his Hohenstaufen inheritance. The result was the uprising known as the
Sicilian Vespers, which was initiated in Palermo on
March 29,
1282. It rapidly grew into a general massacre of the French in Sicily. A few officials notable for their good conduct were spared; and the city of
Messina still held for Charles. But through the diplomatic errors of Charles' Vicar,
Herbert of Orleans, Messina, too, revolted on
April 28,
1282. Herbert retreated to the castle of Mategriffon, but was forced to abandon the Crusading fleet, which was burnt.
The news surprised Peter of Aragon, who had expected to intervene only after Charles had left for Constantinople. But the conspirators, aided by the Emperor Michael (who wished to see Charles balked in his expedition), had set the revolt in motion early. Peter did not immediately intervene; he sailed with the fleet to Tunis, where he discovered that the would-be convert on whose behalf the crusade had ostensibly been undertaken had been caught and executed. While he bided his time, the Sicilians made an appeal to Pope Martin to take the Communes of their cities under his protection. But Martin was far too deeply committed to Charles and French interests to heed them; instead, he excommunicated the rebels, the Emperor Michael, and the Ghibellines in north Italy. Charles gathered his forces in
Calabria and made a landing near Messina and began a siege. Several attempts to assault the city were unsuccessful. Rejected by the Pope, the Sicilians now appealed to King Peter and Queen Constance; he duly accepted, and landed at
Trapani on
August 30,
1282. He was proclaimed King in
Palermo on
September 4; as the Archibishopric of Palermo was vacant, he could not immediately be crowned. In the face of the Aragonese landing, Charles was compelled to withdraw across the Straits of Messina into Calabria in September; but the Aragonese moved swiftly enough to destroy part of his army and most of his baggage. The
Angevin house was forever ousted from Sicily.
War with Aragon
Despite his retreat into Calabria, Charles remained in a strong position. His nephew,
Philip III of France, was devoted to him; and Pope Martin regarded the rebellion as an affront both to French interests and his own rights as suzerain of the Kingdom. Both sides temporized; the expense of a long war might be disastrous for both, and Peter and Charles arranged for a judicial duel, with a hundred knights apiece, on
June 1,
1283 at
Bordeaux. Skirmishes and raids continued to occur: in January 1283, Aragonese guerillas attacked
Catona and killed Count
Peter I of Alençon in his hostel. In February, the Aragonese crossed into Calabria to face off with
Charles of Salerno. However, tensions between the Aragonese and the Sicilians had begun to rise. Both men now hoped to turn the war to their advantage, and the judicial duel turned into a farce, the two kings arriving at different times, declaring a victory over their absent opponent, and departing. Now the war was to escalate: Pope Martin had excommunicated Peter and proclaimed the war against the Sicilians a Crusade in January, and in March, declared Peter to be deprived of his dominions. On
February 2,
1284, Aragon and
Valencia were officially conferred upon
Charles of Valois. The war continued in Italy: while little progress had been made in Calabria, a detachment of the Aragonese fleet was blockading
Malta. Charles of Salerno sent a newly raised Provençal fleet to the relief of Malta; but it was caught by the main Aragonese fleet under
Roger of Lauria and destroyed in the
Battle of Malta. The Aragonese were now, however, running quite short of money, and Peter was threatened by the prospect of a French attack on Aragon. King Charles planned to raise new troops and a fleet in Provence, and instructed Charles of Salerno to maintain a strict defensive posture until his return from France. However, Roger of Lauria continued to command the sea and launch harassing raids up and down the coast of Calabria, and in May 1284 he successfully blockaded
Naples, basing a small squadron on the island of
Nisida to do so. The Neapolitans were infuriated by the blockade; and in June, Charles of Salerno armed the newly launched fleet at Naples and embarked on
June 5 to destroy the blockading squadron. Evidently believing the main Aragonese fleet was raiding down the coast, he hoped to destroy the blockading squadron and return to Naples before it returned. However, Roger of Lauria had learned of his plans, and Charles found himself engulfed by superior numbers. After a short, sharp, fight, most of his fleet was captured, and he himself was taken prisoner.
News of the reverse caused anti-French riots in Naples, and Roger of Lauria was quick to take advantage of Charles' captivity to obtain the release of Beatrice, daughter of
Manfred of Sicily, then held in Naples. King Charles arrived in
Gaeta on
June 6 and learned of the disaster. He was furious at his son and his disobedience; by the time he reached Naples, the riots had been quelled. He advanced on Calabria and attempted a landing in Sicily; but his main army was blocked at
Reggio, and he retreated from Calabria entirely on
August 3. He continued to make preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year; but his health failed. On
January 7,
1285, he died in
Foggia.
Death and legacy
On his death, Charles left all of his domains to his son
Charles, then a prisoner in
Catalonia. For the time being, they were held by a joint regency between a papal legate and
Robert II of Artois. Charles had spent his life striving to assemble a Mediterranean empire out of whatever land he could get through law or force of arms. He did so, it seems, with a clear conscience; he regarded himself as God's instrument to uphold the Papacy and punish the
Hohenstaufen. He ruled justly, but with the rigidity and severity that might be expected in one of his convictions. Ultimately, his unbending austerity could not inspire the devotion needed to hold his conquests together.
Still, he was to leave a substantial legacy to his heirs.
Henry II of Cyprus reclaimed the
Kingdom of Jerusalem after his death, for the few short years left to it; but his possessions otherwise remained within the
Angevin dynasty which he founded, or their descendants. Both the Angevins and their Aragonese rivals were to claim the title of "King of Sicily"; but the Angevins, confined to the mainland, would be known to history as "Kings of Naples". But the style of "King of Sicily" persisted; and when the two realms were reunited, it was under the style of "King of the Two Sicilies".
However, his wars resulted in an even more serious consequence that the partition of the Kingdom of Sicily.
Pope Martin IV had hopelessly compromised the Papacy in his cause; and the botched secular "Crusades" against Sicily and (after Charles' death) Aragon greatly tarnished its spiritual power. The collapse of its moral authority and the rise of nationalism rang the death knell for Crusading, and would ultimately lead to the
Avignon Papacy and the
Western Schism. Charles was an able soldier and a good administrator; but his failure to understand the qualities of his diverse subjects, and his grasping, if pious, ambition, ultimately led him to failure.
In
the Divine Comedy Dante sees Charles outside the gates of Purgatory "singing in accord" with his former rival Peter.
Notes
1. These ''enquêtes'' conserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale are the equivalent of Domesday for thirteenth-century Provence. They have been edited by Edouard Baratier, ''Enquêtes sur les droits et revenus de Charles I d'Anjou en Provence (1252 et 1278)'' (Paris 1969).
2. During the siege of Lucera, Peter of Maricourt (Petrus Peregrinus), who was serving in Charles' army, wrote his famous work on magnetism, ''Epistola de magnete''.
References
★
The Sicilian Vespers, Runciman, Steven, , , Cambridge University Press, 1958, ISBN 0-521-43774-1
See also
★
Battle of Benevento
★
Eighth Crusade
★
Kingdom of Albania
★
Kingdom of Jerusalem
★
John of Procida
★
Latin Empire
★
Louis IX of France
★
Manfred of Sicily
★
Michael VIII Palaeologus
★
Naples
★
Peter III of Aragon
★
Pope Martin IV
★
Principality of Achaea
★
Provence
★
Roger of Lauria
★
Seventh Crusade
★
Sicilian Vespers
★
Sicily
External links
★
''The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville'', translated by Ethel Wedgwood
★
Armorial of the House Anjou-Sicily
★
House of Anjou-Sicily
|-
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"| Preceded by:
'
Manfred'
| width="40%" align="center" | '
King of Sicily'
1266–1282
| width="30%" align="center" | Succeeded by:
'
Peter I'
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '
King of Naples'
1266–1285
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="5" | '
Charles II'
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | '—'
| width="40%" align="center" | '
King of Albania'
1272–1285
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | '
William II'
| width="40%" align="center" | '
Prince of Achaea'
1246–1285
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | '
Ramon Berenguer IV'
| width="40%" align="center" | '
Count of Provence and Forcalquier'
1278–1285
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | '
John'
| width="40%" align="center" | '
Count of Anjou and
Maine'
1247–1285
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español![Last Minute Travel Deals: Make Sure You\](images/articles/thumbs/klastminutethumb.jpg "Last Minute Travel Deals: Make Sure You\")
![Walking in Waikiki: The Sauce-erer\](images/articles/thumbs/waikikidrinkumbrellathumb.jpg "Walking in Waikiki: The Sauce-erer\")
![Fall & Autumn US Staycation Holidays that Won\](images/articles/thumbs/staycationsthumb.jpg "Fall & Autumn US Staycation Holidays that Won\")
