العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolCHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
| ||
| 'Allegiance:' | Maurya Dynasty | |
| 'Rank:' | Emperor | |
| 'Succeeded by:' | Bindusara Maurya | |
| 'Reign:' | 322 BC-298 BC | |
| 'Place of birth:' | Indian subcontinent | |
'Chandragupta Maurya' (Sanskrit: 'चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य'), sometimes known simply as 'Chandragupta' (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320 A History of India, , Hermann, Kulke, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15481-2 – 298 BCE[1]), was the founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta succeeded in bringing together most of the Indian subcontinent. As a result, Chandragupta is considered the first unifier of India and the first genuine emperor of India. Kautilya's ''Arthaśāstra'' on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India, , Roger, Boesche, The Journal of Military History, 2003 In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as 'Sandrokuptos' (''Σανδρόκυπτος''), 'Sandrokottos' (''Σανδρόκοττος'') or 'Androcottus'.[2]
Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated Northwestern India, while the Nanda Empire dominated the Gangetic plain.[3] After Chandragupta's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam[4] in the East, to Afghanistan and Balochistan in the West, to Kashmir and Nepal[5] in the North, and to the Deccan Plateau in the South.[6]
His achievements, which ranged from defeating Alexander's Macedonian satrapies and conquering the Nanda Empire by the time he was only about 20 years old, to defeating Seleucus Nicator and establishing centralized rule throughout Southern Asia, remain some of the most celebrated in Indian history. Over two thousand years later, the accomplishments of Chandragupta and his successors, including Ashoka the Great, are objects of great study in the annals of South Asian and world history.
Origins
The ancestry of Chandragupta is still shrouded in mystery, with little known for certain.[7] There are several views regarding his origin, each with its own set of adherents.
While many Indian historians hold the view that Chandragupta was an illegitimate child of the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha in eastern India, born from ass Nanda prince and a maid named "Mura", other later literary traditions imply that Chandragupta may have been raised by peacock-tamers (Sanskrit: ''Mayura-Poshakha''), which earned him the Maurya epithet. Both the Buddhist as well as Jaina traditions testify to the supposed connection between the Moriya (Maurya) and Mora or Mayura (Peacock).[8] Yet there are other literary traditions according to which Chandragupta belonged to Moriyas, a Kshatriya (warrior) clan of a little ancient republic of Pippalivana located between Rummindei in the Nepali Tarai and Kasia in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.
There are different theories regarding Chandragupta Maurya’s origins. Most regard Chandragupta to have originated from Magadha, possibly as the son of a Nanda prince and a maid named "Mura".[9] A kshatriya people known as the "Mauryas" who had received the relics of the Buddha are also mentioned in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya. Then the Moriyas of Pipphalivana came to know that at Kusinara the Blessed One had passed away. And they sent a message to the Mallas of Kusinara, saying: "The Blessed One was of the warrior caste, and we are too. We are worthy to receive a portion of the relics of the Blessed One. We will erect a stupa over the relics of the Blessed One and hold a festival in their honor."
Others claim that the Mauryas were the ''Muras'' or rather ''Mors'', and another view of kshatriya origin of Indo-Scythian lineage has been proposed.[10][11][12] Another school of thought, including scholars such as B. M. Barua,[13] Dr J. W. McCrindle, Dr D. B. Spooner [14], Dr H. C. Seth [15], Dr Hari Ram Gupta ''Was Chandragupta Maurya a Punjabi?'', Punjab History Conference, Second Session, Oct 28-30, 1966, Punjabi University Patiala, p 32-35, Dr H. R. Gupta., Dr Ranajit Pal and Kirpal Singh have connected Chandragupta to Gandhara (or Kamboja) in modern day Pakistan. Based on interpretations of Plutarch and Appian's writings, these scholars assert that Chandragupta Maurya may have belonged to the north-west frontier region, possibly to the Assakenoi or Ashvaka (q.v.) Kshatriya clan of Swat/Kunar valley ( modern ''Koh-I-Mor'' or ''Mer-coh'' — the ''Meros'' of the classical writings)[16][17][18]. Ashvakas were a section of the Kambojas, who were exclusively engaged in horse-culture and were noted for lending out their cavalry services [19] [20].
Early life
Very little is known about Chandragupta's youth. Much of what is known about his youth is gathered from later classical Sanskrit literature, as well as classical Greek and Latin sources which refer to Chandragupta by the names "Sandracottos" or "Andracottus". He was paragon for next rulers.
According to traditional accounts, Chanakya, a teacher at Takshila University at the time of Alexander's invasion, found the boy Chandragupta from the Magadha kingdom in eastern India. As the story goes, Chandragupta was playing as a king with his friends and was giving justice to another boy playing criminal. Chanakya saw this and was impressed with Chandragupta's sense of justice. Chanakya asked his mother for him and then gave him education in Takshila. It is also believed that Chandragupta's lineage was born of a maid (dasi) of the King. His mother's name was "Mura", hence the name of his dynasty was later known as Maurya.Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). ''Ancient India''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 8120804368.
Plutarch reports that he met with Alexander the Great, probably around Takshila in the northwest, and that he viewed the ruling Nanda Empire in a negative light:
According to this tradition, the encounter would have happened around 326 BCE, suggesting a birth date for Chandragupta around 340 BCE.
Junianus Justinus (Justin) describes the humble origins of Chandragupta, and explains how he later led a popular uprising against the Nanda king:
Foundation of the Maurya Empire
Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.
At the time of Alexander's invasion, Chanakya was a teacher at Taxila University. The king of Taxila and Gandhara, Ambhi (also known as Taxiles), made a treaty with Alexander and did not fight against him. Chanakya saw the foreign invasion against the Indian culture and sought help from other kings to unite and fight Alexander. Porus (Parvateshwar), a king of Punjab, was the only local king who was able to challenge Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River, but was defeated.
Chanakya then went to Magadha further east to seek the help of Dhana Nanda, who ruled a vast Nanda Empire which extended from Bihar and Bengal in the east to eastern Punjab in the west, but he denied any such help. After this incident, Chanakya began sowing the seeds of building an empire that can protect Indian territories from foreign invasion into his disciple Chandragupta.
Chanakya
Main articles: Chanakya
The court of Chandragupta Maurya, especially Chanakya, played an important part in the foundation and governance of the Maurya dynasty.
Chandragupta's adviser or prime minister[21] Chanakya, who is also known as Kautilya and was the author of the ''Arthashastra'', is regarded as the architect of Chandragupta's early rise to power. Chandragupta Maurya, with the help of Chanakya, began laying the foundation of the Maurya Empire. In all the forms of the Chanakya legend,[22] he is thrown out of the Nanda court by the king, whereupon he swears revenge. While in Magadha, Chanakya by chance met Chandragupta whom he spotted great military and executive abilities. Chanakya was impressed by the prince's personality and intelligence, and immediately took the young boy under his wing to fulfill his silent vow.
Depending upon the interpretation of Justin's accounts, the second version of the above story is that Chandragupta had also accompanied Chanakya to Pataliputra and himself was insulted by Dhana Nanda (Nandrum of Justin). If this version of Justin's accounts is accepted, then the view that Chanakya had purchased Chandragupta from Bihar, on his way back to Taxila, becomes irrelevant. The shrewd Chanakya had trained Chandragupta under his expert guidance and together they planned the conquest of the Nanda Empire.
Nanda army
The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda ''circa'' 323 BC.
Main articles: Nanda Dynasty
According to Plutarch, at the time of Alexander's Battle of the Hydaspes River, the size of the Nanda Empire's army further east numbered 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots, and 6,000 war elephants, which was discouraging for Alexander's men and stayed their further progress into India:
In order to defeat the powerful Nanda army, Chandragupta needed to raise a formidable army of his own.Radha Kumud Mookerji, ''Chandragupta Maurya and His Times'', 4th ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988 [1966]), 31, 28–33.
Conquest of Macedonian territories in India
After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Chandragupta, turned his attention to Northwestern India (modern Pakistan), where he defeated the satrapies (described as "prefects" in classical Western sources) left in place by Alexander (according to Justin), and may have assassinated two of his governors, Nicanor and Philip. The satrapies he fought may have included Eudemus, ruler in western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE; and Peithon, son of Agenor, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE. The Roman historian Justin described how Sandrocottus (Greek version of Chandragupta's name) conquered the northwest:
Having consolidated power in the northwest, Chandragupta pushed east towards the Nanda Empire.
Conquest of the Nanda Empire
Chandragupta's empire when he founded it ''circa'' 320 BC, by the time he was about 20 years old.
Chanakya had trained Chandragupta under his guidance and together they planned the destruction of Dhana Nanda. The ''Mudrarakshasa'' of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work ''Parisishtaparvan'' talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka, sometimes identified with Porus.[23] This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and formidable army, which is said to have included the Shakas (Indo-Scythians), Yavanas (probably Greeks), Kambojas, Kiratas, Parasikas and Bahlikas.
It is noted in the ''Chandraguptakatha'' that the protagonist and Chanakya were initially rebuffed by the Nanda forces. Regardless, in the ensuing war, Chandragupta faced off against Bhadrasala – commander of Dhana Nanda's armies. He was eventually able to defeat Bhadrasala and Dhana Nanda in a series of battles, ending with the siege of the capital city Kusumapura and the conquest of the Nanda Empire around 321 BC, thus founding the powerful Maurya Empire in Northern India by the time he was about 20 years old.
Expansion
By the time he was only about 20 years old, Chandragupta, who had succeeded in defeating the Macedonian satrapies in India and conquering the Nanda Empire, had founded a vast empire that extended from Bengal and Assam in the east, to the Indus Valley in the west, which he would further expand in later years.
Conquest of Seleucus' eastern territories
Silver coin of Seleucus I Nicator, who fought Chandragupta Maurya, and later made an alliance with him.
Seleucus I Nicator, a Macedonian satrap of Alexander, reconquered most of Alexander's former empire and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered in a confrontation with Chandragupta:
The exact details of engagement are not known. As noted by scholars such as R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi, Seleucus appears to have fared poorly, having ceded large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. Due to his defeat, Seleucus surrendered Arachosia, Gedrosia, Paropamisadae, and Aria.
Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement, and through a treaty sealed in 305 BC, Seleucus ceded the country around the river Indus, according to Strabo:
Strabo further explains that a large part of Ariana, west of the Indus, was given by the Macedonians to the Indians:
Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Persia.[24][25] Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka, are known as far as Kandhahar in southern Afghanistan.
In exchange for this territory, Seleucus obtained five hundred war elephants, a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. A matrimonial alliance was also agreed upon (called Epigamia in ancient sources, meaning either the recognition of marriage between Indians and Greeks, or a dynastic alliance):
As there are no records of an Indian princess in the abundant classical literature on the Seleucids, it is generally thought that the alliance went the other way around, and that a Seleucid princess may have been bethrothed to the Maurya Dynasty.[26][27] In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar state). Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.[28]
Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus:
Southern conquests
The extent of the Maurya Empire after Chandragupta's southern conquests ''circa'' 300 BC.
After annexing Seleucus' eastern Persian provinces, Chandragupta had a vast empire extending across the northern parts of Southern Asia, from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. Chandragupta then began expanding his empire further south beyond the barrier of the Vindhya Range and into the Deccan Plateau. By the time his conquests were complete, Chandragupta succeeded in unifying most of Southern Asia. Megasthenes later recorded the size of Chandragupta's acquired army as 400,000 soldiers, according to Strabo:
On the other hand, Pliny, who also drew from Megasthenes' work, gives even larger numbers of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 war elephants:
Jainism and death
The Digambaras believe that Chandragupta gave up his throne towards the end of his life and became an ascetic under the Jain saint Bhadrabahu Swami, migrating south with them and ending his days in self-starvation at Shravanabelagola, in present day Karnataka; no hard evidence regarding this exists, though fifth-century inscriptions in the area support the concept of a larger southern migration around that time.[29] A small temple marks the cave (called Bhadrabahu Cave) where he is said to have died.
Successors
Main articles: Maurya Empire
Chandragupta Maurya renounced his throne to his son, Bindusara, who became the new Mauryan Emperor. Bindusara would later become the father of Ashoka the Great, who was one of the most influential kings in history due to his important role in the history of Buddhism.
Popular culture
Chandragupta Maurya was included as a Great General in the '' '' expansion to the ''Civilization IV'' video game, which often includes real historical people in its gameplay.
See also
★ Maurya Empire
★ Magadha
★ Ashoka Maurya
★ Bindusara Maurya
★ Dasaratha Maurya
★ Chanakya
★ Gupta
★ Arthashastra
★ History of India
★ List of Indian monarchs
★ List of people known as The Great
★ Mauryan art
References
1. Kulke and Rothermund 1998:62
2. William Smith (ed), ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', 1870, Vol 3 p. 705-6
3. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, , Nilakantha, Shastri, Motilal Banarsidass, 1967, ISBN: 81-208-0465-1
4. Bruce Vaughn (2004). "Indian Geopolitics, the United States and Evolving Correlates of Power in Asia", ''Geopolitics'' '9' (2), p. 440-459.
5. H. Goetz (1955). "Early Indian Sculptures from Nepal", ''Artibus Asiae'' '18' (1), p. 61-74.
6. The Span of the Mauryan Empire, Kamat's Potpurri, accessed 9 September 2007
7. Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 236, Dr H. C. raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukherjee; Ancient India, 2003, p 284, Dr V. D. Mahajan
8. Parisishtaparvan, p 56, VIII239f
9. Biographies: Chandragupta Maurya
10. Jats the Ancient rulers, Dahinam Publishers, Sonipat, Haryana, by B. S. Dahiya I.R.S
11. Ram Swarup Joon, History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)
12. Dehiya on the Jat Iranic identity of Mauryas:History of Iran
13. B. M. Barua. ''Indian Culture'', vol. X, p. 34.
14. Journnal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1915, (Pt.II), pp 406, 416-17, Dr D.B. Spooner.
15. ''Did Candragupta Maurya belong to North-Western India?'', Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1936, p 158-165, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
16. Invasion of Alexander, 2nd Ed, p 112, Dr J. W. McCrindle.
17. They Taught Lessons to Kings, Gur Rattan Pal Singh; Article in Sunday Tribune, January 10, 1999; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 149-154, Kirpal Singh.
18. For Dr H. C. Seth's views, ''Did Candragupta Maurya belong to North-Western India?'' consult: (1) Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1936, p 158-165, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute;(2) Also see: The Indian Review , 1936, p 814, edited by G.A. Natesan; (3) "Sasigupta and Chandragupta", Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 361.
19. For Ashvakas being sections of the Kambojas, see: Historie du bouddhisme Indien, p110, Dr E. Lammotte; East and West, 1950, pp 28, 149, 158, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Editor, Prof Giuseppe Tucci, Co-editors Prof Mario Bussagli, Prof Lionello Lanciotti.
20. Other refs on Ashvakas = Kambojas are: Hindu Polity, A contitutional History of India in Hindu Times, 1978, p 140, Dr K. P. Jayswal; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133 fn 6, pp 216-20, (See also Commentary, op. cit., p 576, fn 22), Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; Panjab Past and Present, pp 9-10, Dr Buddha Parkash; History of Punjab, Vol I, 19997, p 225, (Editors) Dr L. M. Joshi, Dr Fauja Singh, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University Patiala; Raja Poros, 1990, Publication Buareau, Punjabi University Patiala; Ancient Kamboja, People and Country, 1981, pp 271-72, 278, Dr J. L. Kamboj; These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119, 192, K. S. Dardi; Kambojas through the Ages, 2005, pp 129, 218-19, Kirpal Singh; Note:
Dr J. W. McCrindle says that the modern Afghanistan -- the Kaofu (Kambu) of Hiun Tsang was ancient Kamboja, and name Afghan evidently derives from the Ashavakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian (Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180, J. W. McCrindle). Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the Aspasians (Aspasios) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (Kamoz/Camoje, Kamtoz) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas. Other scholars like Dr R. C. Majumdar, Romila Thapar etc also take Ashvakas as clans of the Kambojkas.
21. Kautilya's ''Arthaśāstra'' on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India, , Roger, Boesche, The Journal of Military History, 2003 "Kautilya [is] sometimes called a chancellor or prime minister to Chandragupta, something like a Bismarck…"
22. Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text, , Thomas R., Trautmann, E.J. Brill, 1971,
23. John Marshall ''Taxila'', p. 18, and al.
24. Vincent Arthur Smith (1998). ''Asoka''. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120613031.
25. Walter Eugene Clark (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", ''Classical Philology'' '14' (4), p. 297-313.
26. W. W. Tarn (1940). "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita", ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '60', p. 84-94.
27. Partha Sarathi Bose (2003). ''Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy''. Gotham Books. ISBN 1592400531.
28. Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", Chap. 21
29. Digambaras, Overview of World Religions, accessed 9 September 2007
Further reading
★ Kosambi, D.D. ''An Introduction to the Study of Indian History,'' Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1985
★ Bhargava, P.L. ''Chandragupta Maurya'', New Delhi:D.K. Printworld, 160 pp., 2002.
★ Habib, Irfan. and Jha, Vivekanand. ''Mauryan India: A People's History of India'',New Delhi:Tulika Books, 2004; 189pp
★ Vishakadatta, R.S. Pandit.''Mudraraksasa (The Signet Ring of Rakshasa)'', New Delhi:Global Vision Publishing House, 2004, ISBN 81-8220-009-1, edited by Ramesh Chandra
★ Swearer, Donald. ''Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia'' (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania : Anima Books, 1981) ISBN 0-89012-023-4
★ Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. ''Age of the Nandas and Mauryas'' (Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, [1967] c1952) ISBN 0-89684-167-7
★ Bongard-Levin, G. M. ''Mauryan India'' (Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division May 1986) ISBN 0-86590-826-5
★ Chand Chauhan, Gian. ''Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India: From the Mauryas to AD 650'' (Munshiram Manoharlal January 2004) ISBN 81-215-1028-7
★ Keay, John. ''India: A History'' (Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition May 10, 2001) ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
★ Radha Kumud Mukherji. '' Chandragupta Maurya aur Uska Kaal'' (Rajkamal Prakashan, Re Print 1990) ISBN-81-7171-088-1
External link
★ 1911encyclopedia.org article on Chandragupta Maurya
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
