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EspañolCHANCELLOR OF TANG DYNASTY
The 'chancellor of Tang Dynasty' (唐朝宰相) was an office that was semi-formally designated for a number of high level officials at one time during the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty.
As Ouyang Xiu, the author of the ''New Book of Tang'', asserted, Tang inherited the system from its predecssor Sui Dynasty, as Sui's founder Emperor Wen of Sui divided his government into five main bureaus:
★ ''Shangshu Sheng'' (尚書省) -- executive bureau
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (門下省) -- examination bureau
★ ''Neishǐ Sheng'' (內史省) -- legislative bureau (note different tone than the eunuch bureau below)
★ ''Mishu Sheng'' (秘書省) -- archival bureau
★ ''Neishì Sheng'' (內侍省) -- eunuch bureau (note different tone than the legislative bureau above), later changed by Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang of Sui to ''Diannei Sheng'' (殿內省)
Under Emperor Wen, the executive bureau was regarded as the most important, and he had his most honored officials, including Gao Jiong, Wang Su, and Su Wei, head it at various points, and its heads were generally regarded as chancellors (as it always had two heads, known as the ''Shangshu Pushe'' (尚書僕射)). Ouyang asserted, however, that the heads of the examination and legislative bureaus were also considered chancellors.''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61.
Tang's founder, Emperor Gaozu, initially largely followed the Sui governmental organization, including the five-bureau organization. However, he created a single head for the executive bureau, known as the ''Shangshu Ling'' (尚書令), having his son Li Shimin the Prince of Qin serve in that role.[1] Later, after Li Shimin became emperor (as Emperor Taizong) in 626, as his subject officials did not dare to again occupy that office, that office was abolished, and the executive bureau was again headed by two officials (the ''Shangshu Pushe''). (Guo Ziyi was commissioned as the ''Shangshu Ling'' in 764 in recognition of his great contributions, but he declined the office repeatedly, and the commission was removed later that year.''New Book of Tang'', vol. 62.) Around this point, probably by Emperor Taizong's orders, the institution of multiple chancellors was formalized, with the heads of the executive, examination, and legislative (which was renamed the ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (中書省)) bureaus regarded as the chancellors. As there were often, but not always, more than one head for the examination and legislative bureaus, there were not necessarily only four chancellors. Later in Emperor Taizong's reign, he also began to designate certain high level officials, even though they were not heads of one of the bureaus, chancellors, with the designation ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政, literally "participator in the administration's governance"). Yet later in his reign, in 643, he revised the designation and formalized it as the ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (同中書門下三品, literally, "equivalent to the officials with the third rank from the ''Zhongshu'' and the ''Menxia''") -- because the heads of the legislative bureau, the ''Zhongshu Ling'' (中書令), and the examination bureau, the ''Shizhong'' (侍中), were of the third rank. (These officials were rendered as "chancellors de facto'" (實質宰相) by the modern Chinese historian Bo Yang in his modern Chinese edition of the ''Zizhi Tongjian''.) Throughout Tang history, the names of the examination and legislative bureaus were changed multiple times, and so the designation of ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' was frequently changed in response thereof. (For example, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, when the legislative bureau was briefly known as the ''Ziwei Sheng'' (紫微省) and the examination bureau the ''Huangmen Sheng'' (黃門省), the chancellors de facto were known as the ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Sanpin''.) A lesser designation, with still the same powers, was created in 682, during the reign of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, and was initially known as the ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (同中書門下平章事, literally "equivalent to the participators from the ''Zhongshu'' and the ''Menxia''"), rendered by Bo as "chancellors de facto second grade." Later in Tang history, after the Anshi Rebellion, while the chancellor-de-facto designation was not officially abolished, it was no longer used, as the last chancellor to be designated as such was Niu Xianke, in 736, and the chancellor-de-facto-of-second-grade designation became very common''New Book of Tang'', vol. 63. and was used for the rest of Tang history. Further, after 705, the heads of the executive bureau were no longer considered chancellors, unless they received the chancellor-de-facto designation of either kind.''Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 45. Throughout the early dynasty until the second reign of Emperor Ruizong in 710, variations of the ''Canyu Chaozheng'' also continued appearing, including ''Canzhi Jiwu'' (參知機務, literally "participator in important matters"), ''Canzhang Jimi'' (參掌機密, literally "participator in national secret matters"), ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事, literally "participator in governance matters"), ''Canmou Zhengshi'' (參謀政事, similarly in meaning to ''Canzhi Zhengshi'') also appeared, which Bo rendered as "chancellors de facto of the third class."
The chancellors periodically met together at the ''Zhengshi Tang'' (政事堂, literally "the Hall of State Matters"), originally physically located within the examination bureau. In 683, when Pei Yan, then the head of the examination bureau, became the head of the legislative bureau, the ''Zhengshi Tang'' was moved from the examination bureau to the legislative bureau. Later, during Emperor Xuanzong's reign, when Zhang Shuo became chancellor, he changed the name to ''Zhongshu Menxia'' (中書門下), apparently employing a double entendre, as when the terms were put together, they meant, "within the doors of the ''Zhongshu''."''New Book of Tang'', vol. 46. Zhang also reorganized the Hall by creating five offices under the chancellors -- in charge of civil service, state secrets, military matters, governance, and criminal law, respectively. Later in the dynasty -- starting during the reign of Emperor Suzong -- the chancellors begin to rotate off-days so that at least one would always be on duty; when submissions were to be made to the emperor, they were signed in the names of all chancellors, whether on duty or not. The name of their meeting place also changed back to ''Zhengshi Tang''.''Zizhi Tongjian'', .
''This list includes the chancellors during the Zhou Dynasty of Wu Zetian, even though the propriety of considering it as part of the Tang Dynasty is disputed. The list does not include people who served as regional governors who were given the titles as honorific titles.''
The executive bureau had these changes in name:
★ ''Shangshu Sheng'' (尚書省) (618-662)
★ ''Zhong Tai'' (中臺) (662-684)
★ ''Wenchang Tai'' (文昌臺) (684)
★ ''Wenchang Dusheng'' (文昌都省) (684-685)
★ ''Wenchang Dutai'' (文昌都臺) (685-703)
★ ''Zhong Tai'' (703-705)
★ ''Shangshu Sheng'' (705-907)
Correspondingly, the heads of the executive bureau, considered chancellors from 618 to 705,''Zizhi Tongjian'', . had these titles during those periods:
★ ''Shangshu Ling'' (尚書令) (618-626)
★ ''Shangshu Pushe'' (尚書僕射) (626-662)
★ ''Kuangzheng'' (匡政) (662-684)
★ ''Wenchang Xiang'' (文昌相) (684-705)
The men who held the office included (including the ''Shangshu Pushe'' during Emperor Gaozu's reign, even though at that time the office was for the deputy heads of the ''Shangshu Sheng''):
★ Li Shimin (as ''Shangshu Ling'' 618-626)
★ Pei Ji (618-629)
★ Xiao Yu (623-626, 627)
★ Feng Deyi (626-627)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (627-628)
★ Fang Xuanling (629-643, 643-648)
★ Du Ruhui (629)
★ Li Jing (630-634)
★ Wen Yanbo (636-637)
★ Gao Shilian (638-643)
★ Li Shiji (649-650)
★ Zhang Xingcheng (651-653)
★ Yu Zhining (651-659)
★ Chu Suiliang (653-655)
★ Xu Jingzong (662)
★ Xu Yushi (662)
★ Li Yifu (663)
★ Liu Xiangdao (664)
★ Dou Dexuan (664-666)
★ Lu Dunxin (665-666)
★ Liu Rengui (666-670, 675-681, 683-685)
★ Jiang Ke (668-671)
★ Yan Liben (668-671)
★ Dai Zhide (675-679)
The leiglsative bureau had these changes in name:
★ ''Neishi Sheng'' (內史省) (618-620)
★ ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (中書省) (620-662)
★ ''Xi Tai'' (西臺) (662-671)
★ ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (671-684)
★ ''Feng Ge'' (鳳閣) (684-705)
★ ''Zhognshu Sheng'' (705-713)
★ ''Ziwei Sheng'' (紫微省) (713-717)
★ ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (717-907)
Correspondingly, the heads of the legislative bureau had these titles during those periods:
★ ''Neishi Ling'' (內史令) (618-620)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (中書令) (620-662)
★ ''You Xiang'' (右相) (662-671)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (671-684)
★ ''Neishi'' (內史) (684-705)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (705-713)
★ ''Ziwei Ling'' (紫微令) (713-717)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (717-742)
★ ''You Xiang'' (742-757)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (757-907)
The men who held the office included:
★ Xiao Yu (618-623)
★ Dou Wei (618)
★ Feng Deyi (620-626)
★ Yang Gongren (623-626)
★ Li Shimin (625-626)
★ Fang Xuanling (626-629)
★ Yuwen Shiji (626-627)
★ Li Jing (628-630)
★ Wen Yanbo (630-636)
★ Yang Shidao (639-643, 645)
★ Cen Wenben (644-645)
★ Ma Zhou (644-648)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (648-649)
★ Chu Suiliang (648-650)
★ Gao Jifu (649-651)
★ Liu Shi (652-654)
★ Lai Ji (655-657)
★ Cui Dunli [(655-656)
★ Li Yifu (657-658)
★ Du Zhenglun (657-658)
★ Xu Jingzong (658-662)
★ Yan Liben (671-673)
★ Hao Chujun (675-679)
★ Li Jingxuan (676-680)
★ Xue Yuanchao (681-683)
★ Cui Zhiwen (681-683)
★ Pei Yan (683-684)
The examination bureau had these changes in name:''Zizhi Tongjian'', .
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (門下省) (618-662)
★ ''Dong Tai'' (東臺) (662-671)
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (671-684)
★ ''Luan Tai'' (鸞臺) (684-705)
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (705-713)
★ ''Huangmen Sheng'' (黃門省) (713-720)
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (720-907)
Correspondingly, the heads of the examination bureau had these titles during those periods:
★ ''Nayan'' (納言) (618-620)
★ ''Shizhong'' (侍中) (620-662)
★ ''Zuo Xiang'' (左相) (662-671)
★ ''Shizhong'' (671-684)
★ ''Nayan'' (684-705)
★ ''Shizhong'' (705-713)
★ ''Huangmen Jian'' (黃門監) (713-720)
★ ''Shizhong'' (720-742)
★ ''Zuo Xiang'' (742-757)
★ ''Shizhong'' (757-907)
The men who held the office included:
★ Liu Wenjing (618)
★ Dou Kang (618)
★ Chen Shuda (618-626)
★ Pei Ju (624-625)
★ Yuwen Shiji (625-626)
★ Li Yuanji (625-626)
★ Gao Shilian (626-627)
★ Du Ruhui (628-629)
★ Wang Gui (628-633)
★ Wei Zheng (632-636)
★ Yang Shidao (636-639)
★ Liu Ji (644-645)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (645-648)
★ Zhang Xingcheng (650-651)
★ Gao Jifu (651-654)
★ Yuwen Jie (652-653)
★ Cui Dunli (653-655)
★ Han Yuan (655-657)
★ Xu Jingzong (657-658)
★ Xing Maojiang (658-659)
★ Xu Yushi (659-662)
★ Jiang Ke (671-672)
★ Zhang Wenguan (675-678)
★ Hao Chujun (679-681)
★ Pei Yan (681-683)
★ Liu Jingxiang (683-684)
★ Du Yan (627-628) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政))
★ Wei Zheng (629-632 (as ''Canyu Chaozheng''), 636-642 (as ''Canyi Deshi'' (參議得失)))
★ Xiao Yu (630 (as ''Canyi Chaozheng'' (參議朝政)), 635-636 (as ''Canyu Chaozheng''))
★ Dai Zhou (630-633) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng)
★ Hou Junji (630-632, 632-643) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'')
★ Li Jing (634) (as ''Pingzhang Zhengshi'' (平章政事))
★ Liu Ji (639-644) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事))
★ Cen Wenben (642-644) (as ''Zhuandian Jimi'' (專典機密))
The office was created in 643. The titles, as modified from time to time to reflect the names in changes of the legislative and examination bureaus, included:
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (同中書門下三品) (643-662)
★ ''Tong Dong Xi Tai Sanpin'' (同東西臺三品) (662-672)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (672-684)
★ ''Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin'' (同鳳閣鸞臺三品) (684-705)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (705-713)
★ ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Sanpin'' (同紫微黃門三品) (713-720)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (720-738)
★ Xiao Yu (643-646)
★ Li Shiji (643-649, 650-670)
★ Gao Shilian (643-647)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (649-659)
★ Yuwen Jie (651-652)
★ Liu Shi (651-652)
★ Gao Jifu (651-653)
★ Yu Zhining (651-659)
★ Chu Suiliang (652-655)
★ Han Yuan (652-655)
★ Lai Ji (652-655)
★ Du Zhenglun (656-657)
★ Cui Dunli (656)
★ Xu Yushi (659)
★ Ren Yaxiang (659-662)
★ Li Yifu (659-662, 662-663)
★ Lu Chengqing (659-660)
★ Xu Jingzong (662-670)
★ Shangguan Yi (662-665)
★ Le Yanwei (665)
★ Sun Chuyue (665)
★ Jiang Ke (665-668)
★ Yang Hongwu (667-668)
★ Dai Zhide (667-675)
★ Li Anqi (667)
★ Zhao Renben (667-670)
★ Zhang Wenguan (669-678)
★ Li Jingxuan (669-670, 670-676)
★ Hao Chujun (669-679)
★ Liu Rengui (672-675, 681-683)
★ Lai Heng (676-678)
★ Xue Yuanchao (676-681)
★ Li Yiyan (676-683)
★ Gao Zhizhou (676-679)
★ Zhang Da'an (677-680)
★ Wang Dezhen (680)
★ Pei Yan (680-681)
★ Cui Zhiwen (680-681)
★ Cen Changqian (683-686)
★ Guo Daiju (683-684)
★ Wei Xuantong (683-687)
The office was created in 682. The titles, as modified from time to time to reflect the names in changes of the legislative and examination bureaus, included:
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (同中書門下平章事) (682-684)
★ ''Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi'' (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事) (684-705)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (705-713)
★ ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Pingzhangshi'' (同紫微黃門平章事) (713-720)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (720-907)
★ Guo Daiju (682-683)
★ Cen Changqian (682-683)
★ Guo Zhengyi (682-683)
★ Wei Xuantong (682-683)
★ Liu Jingxian (682-683)
The office recurred as variations of the pre-formalization titles, even after formalization of the chancellors de facto offices of the first and second grades, but did not recur after 710. Cui Riyong, who held the title as ''Canzhi Jiwu'', was the last person to hold any variation of the title.
★ Zhang Liang (643-646) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政))
★ Chu Suiliang (644-647, 648) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'')
★ Xu Jingzong (645)Xu Jingzong, Gao Jifu, and Zhang Xingcheng were referred to as ''de facto'' chancellors by the ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61, but this appeared to be a temporary measure during the Goguryeo campaign with Emperor Taizong out of Tang territory and Li Zhi in charge temporarily. Xu, Gao, Zhang (each of whom would be later made chancellor) were not again referred to as chancellors until they were made chancellors after Emperor Taizong's death, even though they were not explicitly removed. (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'' (同掌機務))
★ Gao Jifu (645) (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'')
★ Zhang Xingcheng (645) (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'')
★ Cui Renshi (648) (as ''Canzhi Jiwu'' (參知機務))
★ Li Yifu (655-657) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事))
★ Lu Chengqing (659) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'')
★ Le Yanwei (665) (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhengshi'' (知軍國政事))
★ Sun Chuyue (665) (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhengshi'')
★ Liu Rengui (665-666) (as ''Zhi Zhengshi'' (知政事))
★ Zhang Wenguan (667-669) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'')
★ ''Book of Tang'', vols. 42[1], 43[2].
★ ''New Book of Tang'', vols. 46, 47[3], 61, 62, 63[4].
★ ''Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 45, pp. 217-269.
★ Bo Yang, ''Outlines of the History of the Chinese'' (中國人史綱), vol. 2, pp. 499-503.
1. ''Zizhi Tongjian'', .
Origins
As Ouyang Xiu, the author of the ''New Book of Tang'', asserted, Tang inherited the system from its predecssor Sui Dynasty, as Sui's founder Emperor Wen of Sui divided his government into five main bureaus:
★ ''Shangshu Sheng'' (尚書省) -- executive bureau
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (門下省) -- examination bureau
★ ''Neishǐ Sheng'' (內史省) -- legislative bureau (note different tone than the eunuch bureau below)
★ ''Mishu Sheng'' (秘書省) -- archival bureau
★ ''Neishì Sheng'' (內侍省) -- eunuch bureau (note different tone than the legislative bureau above), later changed by Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang of Sui to ''Diannei Sheng'' (殿內省)
Under Emperor Wen, the executive bureau was regarded as the most important, and he had his most honored officials, including Gao Jiong, Wang Su, and Su Wei, head it at various points, and its heads were generally regarded as chancellors (as it always had two heads, known as the ''Shangshu Pushe'' (尚書僕射)). Ouyang asserted, however, that the heads of the examination and legislative bureaus were also considered chancellors.''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61.
Tang reorganization
Tang's founder, Emperor Gaozu, initially largely followed the Sui governmental organization, including the five-bureau organization. However, he created a single head for the executive bureau, known as the ''Shangshu Ling'' (尚書令), having his son Li Shimin the Prince of Qin serve in that role.[1] Later, after Li Shimin became emperor (as Emperor Taizong) in 626, as his subject officials did not dare to again occupy that office, that office was abolished, and the executive bureau was again headed by two officials (the ''Shangshu Pushe''). (Guo Ziyi was commissioned as the ''Shangshu Ling'' in 764 in recognition of his great contributions, but he declined the office repeatedly, and the commission was removed later that year.''New Book of Tang'', vol. 62.) Around this point, probably by Emperor Taizong's orders, the institution of multiple chancellors was formalized, with the heads of the executive, examination, and legislative (which was renamed the ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (中書省)) bureaus regarded as the chancellors. As there were often, but not always, more than one head for the examination and legislative bureaus, there were not necessarily only four chancellors. Later in Emperor Taizong's reign, he also began to designate certain high level officials, even though they were not heads of one of the bureaus, chancellors, with the designation ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政, literally "participator in the administration's governance"). Yet later in his reign, in 643, he revised the designation and formalized it as the ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (同中書門下三品, literally, "equivalent to the officials with the third rank from the ''Zhongshu'' and the ''Menxia''") -- because the heads of the legislative bureau, the ''Zhongshu Ling'' (中書令), and the examination bureau, the ''Shizhong'' (侍中), were of the third rank. (These officials were rendered as "chancellors de facto'" (實質宰相) by the modern Chinese historian Bo Yang in his modern Chinese edition of the ''Zizhi Tongjian''.) Throughout Tang history, the names of the examination and legislative bureaus were changed multiple times, and so the designation of ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' was frequently changed in response thereof. (For example, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, when the legislative bureau was briefly known as the ''Ziwei Sheng'' (紫微省) and the examination bureau the ''Huangmen Sheng'' (黃門省), the chancellors de facto were known as the ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Sanpin''.) A lesser designation, with still the same powers, was created in 682, during the reign of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, and was initially known as the ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (同中書門下平章事, literally "equivalent to the participators from the ''Zhongshu'' and the ''Menxia''"), rendered by Bo as "chancellors de facto second grade." Later in Tang history, after the Anshi Rebellion, while the chancellor-de-facto designation was not officially abolished, it was no longer used, as the last chancellor to be designated as such was Niu Xianke, in 736, and the chancellor-de-facto-of-second-grade designation became very common''New Book of Tang'', vol. 63. and was used for the rest of Tang history. Further, after 705, the heads of the executive bureau were no longer considered chancellors, unless they received the chancellor-de-facto designation of either kind.''Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 45. Throughout the early dynasty until the second reign of Emperor Ruizong in 710, variations of the ''Canyu Chaozheng'' also continued appearing, including ''Canzhi Jiwu'' (參知機務, literally "participator in important matters"), ''Canzhang Jimi'' (參掌機密, literally "participator in national secret matters"), ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事, literally "participator in governance matters"), ''Canmou Zhengshi'' (參謀政事, similarly in meaning to ''Canzhi Zhengshi'') also appeared, which Bo rendered as "chancellors de facto of the third class."
The chancellors periodically met together at the ''Zhengshi Tang'' (政事堂, literally "the Hall of State Matters"), originally physically located within the examination bureau. In 683, when Pei Yan, then the head of the examination bureau, became the head of the legislative bureau, the ''Zhengshi Tang'' was moved from the examination bureau to the legislative bureau. Later, during Emperor Xuanzong's reign, when Zhang Shuo became chancellor, he changed the name to ''Zhongshu Menxia'' (中書門下), apparently employing a double entendre, as when the terms were put together, they meant, "within the doors of the ''Zhongshu''."''New Book of Tang'', vol. 46. Zhang also reorganized the Hall by creating five offices under the chancellors -- in charge of civil service, state secrets, military matters, governance, and criminal law, respectively. Later in the dynasty -- starting during the reign of Emperor Suzong -- the chancellors begin to rotate off-days so that at least one would always be on duty; when submissions were to be made to the emperor, they were signed in the names of all chancellors, whether on duty or not. The name of their meeting place also changed back to ''Zhengshi Tang''.''Zizhi Tongjian'', .
List of Tang chancellors
''This list includes the chancellors during the Zhou Dynasty of Wu Zetian, even though the propriety of considering it as part of the Tang Dynasty is disputed. The list does not include people who served as regional governors who were given the titles as honorific titles.''
Heads of the Executive Bureau
The executive bureau had these changes in name:
★ ''Shangshu Sheng'' (尚書省) (618-662)
★ ''Zhong Tai'' (中臺) (662-684)
★ ''Wenchang Tai'' (文昌臺) (684)
★ ''Wenchang Dusheng'' (文昌都省) (684-685)
★ ''Wenchang Dutai'' (文昌都臺) (685-703)
★ ''Zhong Tai'' (703-705)
★ ''Shangshu Sheng'' (705-907)
Correspondingly, the heads of the executive bureau, considered chancellors from 618 to 705,''Zizhi Tongjian'', . had these titles during those periods:
★ ''Shangshu Ling'' (尚書令) (618-626)
★ ''Shangshu Pushe'' (尚書僕射) (626-662)
★ ''Kuangzheng'' (匡政) (662-684)
★ ''Wenchang Xiang'' (文昌相) (684-705)
The men who held the office included (including the ''Shangshu Pushe'' during Emperor Gaozu's reign, even though at that time the office was for the deputy heads of the ''Shangshu Sheng''):
★ Li Shimin (as ''Shangshu Ling'' 618-626)
★ Pei Ji (618-629)
★ Xiao Yu (623-626, 627)
★ Feng Deyi (626-627)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (627-628)
★ Fang Xuanling (629-643, 643-648)
★ Du Ruhui (629)
★ Li Jing (630-634)
★ Wen Yanbo (636-637)
★ Gao Shilian (638-643)
★ Li Shiji (649-650)
★ Zhang Xingcheng (651-653)
★ Yu Zhining (651-659)
★ Chu Suiliang (653-655)
★ Xu Jingzong (662)
★ Xu Yushi (662)
★ Li Yifu (663)
★ Liu Xiangdao (664)
★ Dou Dexuan (664-666)
★ Lu Dunxin (665-666)
★ Liu Rengui (666-670, 675-681, 683-685)
★ Jiang Ke (668-671)
★ Yan Liben (668-671)
★ Dai Zhide (675-679)
Heads of the Legislative Bureau
The leiglsative bureau had these changes in name:
★ ''Neishi Sheng'' (內史省) (618-620)
★ ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (中書省) (620-662)
★ ''Xi Tai'' (西臺) (662-671)
★ ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (671-684)
★ ''Feng Ge'' (鳳閣) (684-705)
★ ''Zhognshu Sheng'' (705-713)
★ ''Ziwei Sheng'' (紫微省) (713-717)
★ ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (717-907)
Correspondingly, the heads of the legislative bureau had these titles during those periods:
★ ''Neishi Ling'' (內史令) (618-620)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (中書令) (620-662)
★ ''You Xiang'' (右相) (662-671)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (671-684)
★ ''Neishi'' (內史) (684-705)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (705-713)
★ ''Ziwei Ling'' (紫微令) (713-717)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (717-742)
★ ''You Xiang'' (742-757)
★ ''Zhongshu Ling'' (757-907)
The men who held the office included:
★ Xiao Yu (618-623)
★ Dou Wei (618)
★ Feng Deyi (620-626)
★ Yang Gongren (623-626)
★ Li Shimin (625-626)
★ Fang Xuanling (626-629)
★ Yuwen Shiji (626-627)
★ Li Jing (628-630)
★ Wen Yanbo (630-636)
★ Yang Shidao (639-643, 645)
★ Cen Wenben (644-645)
★ Ma Zhou (644-648)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (648-649)
★ Chu Suiliang (648-650)
★ Gao Jifu (649-651)
★ Liu Shi (652-654)
★ Lai Ji (655-657)
★ Cui Dunli [(655-656)
★ Li Yifu (657-658)
★ Du Zhenglun (657-658)
★ Xu Jingzong (658-662)
★ Yan Liben (671-673)
★ Hao Chujun (675-679)
★ Li Jingxuan (676-680)
★ Xue Yuanchao (681-683)
★ Cui Zhiwen (681-683)
★ Pei Yan (683-684)
Heads of the Examination Bureau
The examination bureau had these changes in name:''Zizhi Tongjian'', .
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (門下省) (618-662)
★ ''Dong Tai'' (東臺) (662-671)
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (671-684)
★ ''Luan Tai'' (鸞臺) (684-705)
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (705-713)
★ ''Huangmen Sheng'' (黃門省) (713-720)
★ ''Menxia Sheng'' (720-907)
Correspondingly, the heads of the examination bureau had these titles during those periods:
★ ''Nayan'' (納言) (618-620)
★ ''Shizhong'' (侍中) (620-662)
★ ''Zuo Xiang'' (左相) (662-671)
★ ''Shizhong'' (671-684)
★ ''Nayan'' (684-705)
★ ''Shizhong'' (705-713)
★ ''Huangmen Jian'' (黃門監) (713-720)
★ ''Shizhong'' (720-742)
★ ''Zuo Xiang'' (742-757)
★ ''Shizhong'' (757-907)
The men who held the office included:
★ Liu Wenjing (618)
★ Dou Kang (618)
★ Chen Shuda (618-626)
★ Pei Ju (624-625)
★ Yuwen Shiji (625-626)
★ Li Yuanji (625-626)
★ Gao Shilian (626-627)
★ Du Ruhui (628-629)
★ Wang Gui (628-633)
★ Wei Zheng (632-636)
★ Yang Shidao (636-639)
★ Liu Ji (644-645)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (645-648)
★ Zhang Xingcheng (650-651)
★ Gao Jifu (651-654)
★ Yuwen Jie (652-653)
★ Cui Dunli (653-655)
★ Han Yuan (655-657)
★ Xu Jingzong (657-658)
★ Xing Maojiang (658-659)
★ Xu Yushi (659-662)
★ Jiang Ke (671-672)
★ Zhang Wenguan (675-678)
★ Hao Chujun (679-681)
★ Pei Yan (681-683)
★ Liu Jingxiang (683-684)
Chancellors de facto
Prior to formalization
★ Du Yan (627-628) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政))
★ Wei Zheng (629-632 (as ''Canyu Chaozheng''), 636-642 (as ''Canyi Deshi'' (參議得失)))
★ Xiao Yu (630 (as ''Canyi Chaozheng'' (參議朝政)), 635-636 (as ''Canyu Chaozheng''))
★ Dai Zhou (630-633) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng)
★ Hou Junji (630-632, 632-643) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'')
★ Li Jing (634) (as ''Pingzhang Zhengshi'' (平章政事))
★ Liu Ji (639-644) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事))
★ Cen Wenben (642-644) (as ''Zhuandian Jimi'' (專典機密))
Chancellors de facto of the first grade
The office was created in 643. The titles, as modified from time to time to reflect the names in changes of the legislative and examination bureaus, included:
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (同中書門下三品) (643-662)
★ ''Tong Dong Xi Tai Sanpin'' (同東西臺三品) (662-672)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (672-684)
★ ''Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin'' (同鳳閣鸞臺三品) (684-705)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (705-713)
★ ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Sanpin'' (同紫微黃門三品) (713-720)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (720-738)
★ Xiao Yu (643-646)
★ Li Shiji (643-649, 650-670)
★ Gao Shilian (643-647)
★ Zhangsun Wuji (649-659)
★ Yuwen Jie (651-652)
★ Liu Shi (651-652)
★ Gao Jifu (651-653)
★ Yu Zhining (651-659)
★ Chu Suiliang (652-655)
★ Han Yuan (652-655)
★ Lai Ji (652-655)
★ Du Zhenglun (656-657)
★ Cui Dunli (656)
★ Xu Yushi (659)
★ Ren Yaxiang (659-662)
★ Li Yifu (659-662, 662-663)
★ Lu Chengqing (659-660)
★ Xu Jingzong (662-670)
★ Shangguan Yi (662-665)
★ Le Yanwei (665)
★ Sun Chuyue (665)
★ Jiang Ke (665-668)
★ Yang Hongwu (667-668)
★ Dai Zhide (667-675)
★ Li Anqi (667)
★ Zhao Renben (667-670)
★ Zhang Wenguan (669-678)
★ Li Jingxuan (669-670, 670-676)
★ Hao Chujun (669-679)
★ Liu Rengui (672-675, 681-683)
★ Lai Heng (676-678)
★ Xue Yuanchao (676-681)
★ Li Yiyan (676-683)
★ Gao Zhizhou (676-679)
★ Zhang Da'an (677-680)
★ Wang Dezhen (680)
★ Pei Yan (680-681)
★ Cui Zhiwen (680-681)
★ Cen Changqian (683-686)
★ Guo Daiju (683-684)
★ Wei Xuantong (683-687)
Chancellors de facto of the second grade
The office was created in 682. The titles, as modified from time to time to reflect the names in changes of the legislative and examination bureaus, included:
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (同中書門下平章事) (682-684)
★ ''Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi'' (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事) (684-705)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (705-713)
★ ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Pingzhangshi'' (同紫微黃門平章事) (713-720)
★ ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (720-907)
★ Guo Daiju (682-683)
★ Cen Changqian (682-683)
★ Guo Zhengyi (682-683)
★ Wei Xuantong (682-683)
★ Liu Jingxian (682-683)
Chancellors de facto of the third grade
The office recurred as variations of the pre-formalization titles, even after formalization of the chancellors de facto offices of the first and second grades, but did not recur after 710. Cui Riyong, who held the title as ''Canzhi Jiwu'', was the last person to hold any variation of the title.
★ Zhang Liang (643-646) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政))
★ Chu Suiliang (644-647, 648) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'')
★ Xu Jingzong (645)Xu Jingzong, Gao Jifu, and Zhang Xingcheng were referred to as ''de facto'' chancellors by the ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61, but this appeared to be a temporary measure during the Goguryeo campaign with Emperor Taizong out of Tang territory and Li Zhi in charge temporarily. Xu, Gao, Zhang (each of whom would be later made chancellor) were not again referred to as chancellors until they were made chancellors after Emperor Taizong's death, even though they were not explicitly removed. (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'' (同掌機務))
★ Gao Jifu (645) (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'')
★ Zhang Xingcheng (645) (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'')
★ Cui Renshi (648) (as ''Canzhi Jiwu'' (參知機務))
★ Li Yifu (655-657) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事))
★ Lu Chengqing (659) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'')
★ Le Yanwei (665) (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhengshi'' (知軍國政事))
★ Sun Chuyue (665) (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhengshi'')
★ Liu Rengui (665-666) (as ''Zhi Zhengshi'' (知政事))
★ Zhang Wenguan (667-669) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'')
References
Generally
★ ''Book of Tang'', vols. 42[1], 43[2].
★ ''New Book of Tang'', vols. 46, 47[3], 61, 62, 63[4].
★ ''Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 45, pp. 217-269.
★ Bo Yang, ''Outlines of the History of the Chinese'' (中國人史綱), vol. 2, pp. 499-503.
Specifically
1. ''Zizhi Tongjian'', .
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