CHAM ALBANIANS

'Cham Albanians' (in Albanian: Çamë, in Greek: Τσάμηδες ''Tsámidhes'') are a group of ethnic Albanians originally residing close to the river Thyamis (Θύαμις in Ancient Greek, Çam in Albanian). Accordingly, the region which is (part of the Greek region of Epirus) is called in Albanian Çamëria and in modern Greek Τσαμουριά (''Tsamuria''). Chams nowadays live in Albania while some have immigrated to Turkey. They speak the Albanian language and are predominantly Muslim, with a sizable Orthodox Christian minority.

Contents

Folkloric origins

History

Current situation

See also

External links

Folkloric origins

According to the prominent Albanian academic Eqrem Cabej (1974), and M. Lambertz (1973), "Jelims" were figures from southern Albanian mythology. These giants were called in Albanian ''jelim'', def. ''jelimi'', from the Greek word Ελλην (ellin) which means ’Greek’. The current version of the name reached its form through Slavic transmission. The 'Jelilms' were known to the Saranda region in Southern Albania (northern Epirus). The Chams (of the southern Cameria region) believed themselves to be descended from a race of ancient jelims. A more contemporary source is found in: 'The Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture', p.131 by Robert Elsie, Hurst 2001.

History

Following the defeat of Ottoman forces in the region, the proclamation of independence by Albania and the Balkan Wars of 1913 , an international boundary commission awarded the South of the territory of Epirus to Greece and the North to Albania, based on their populations. The newly drawn borders left a sizable Albanian minority in Greece and a sizable Greek minority in Albania.
In March 1926 , Greece announced that all Greek citizens, including the Chams enjoyed equal rights. In practice, these rights were very selective. The Greek authorities discouraged ethnic Albanians from speaking Albanian outside their homes and did not permit Albanian language schools. In 1936 , the dictator Ioannis Metaxas came to power and life for the Chams, along with some other ethnic minorities in Greece (excluding the Jewish and Muslim minorities which enjoyed considerable privileges owing to their support of the Metaxa regime), became considerably more difficult. Cham property was confiscated in order to permit Greeks to settle in the area and the Greek names of traditionally Albanian populated place names became official. In World War II, many Chams welcomed the invasion of Greece by Axis forces. A segment of the Muslim Chams were enlisted by Axis forces to assist with the occupation and were responsible for atrocities against Greek and Jewish civilians.
Beginning on June 27 1944, and continuing through March 1945, EDES resistance partisans operating under British orders, led by Napoleon Zervas, launched a series of attacks on Muslim Cham villages which resulted in the death of roughly 2.500 Chams and expulsion of 20.000-25.000. The surviving Muslim Chams fled to Albania and settled in villages of southern Albania, where today they number over 100,000. The Greek government then brought Greek, Vlach and Roma populations to settle in the region.
The Orthodox Cham Albanians were not expelled, but were placed under tight restrictions. Speaking Albanian in public was prohibited, and as a result, was reduced to a home language spoken only in private. Since then, Greece has not recognised any minorities, with the notable exception of the Greek Muslim minority, whose recognition was guaranteed under the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

Current situation

The exiled Muslim Cham Albanians have addressed the issue of their lost properties and requested permission to return to their villages in Greece. So far, the Greek government has maintained that the Cham issue is closed. The ''National Political Association "Çamëria"'' (in Albanian: Shoqëria Politike Atdhetare "Çamëria"), a pressure group advocating the return of the Chams to Greece, receipt of compensation and greater freedom for the Orthodox Chams in Greece, was founded 10 January 1991. The organisation was registered with the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation in January 1995, although they are currently (2006) not represented in UNPO.
It has been claimed that an estimated 40,000 Christian Orthodox Albanians still live in the Threspotia region, the majority being of original Cham descent, a significant minority having migrated to the region from Albania after 1991, and there have been claims of a Cham presence in Preveza, Ioannina and the surrounding villages [1]. It should be noted however that there is no official census data to support or refute this claim, a fact attributed to the reluctance of Christian Chams to identify as such. (A preferred designation is Arvanites, because unlike "Cham" it is not associated with the Muslim Chams.) According to recent research conducted by Romanian ethnographers in 1994, attempts to find native Albanian speakers in the region were unsuccessful. Since the early 1990s there has been an influx of Albanian immigrants into Greece. Some of these immigrants have settled in formerly Cham-populated villages, although the vast majority have moved to the cities.

See also

★ Treaty of London, 1913

★ Treaty of Bucharest, 1913

★ Greco-Italian War

★ Battle of Greece

★ Chameria issue

★ Chameria

External links

★ Greek Civil War ''globalsecurity.org''

★ SOUTHERN ALBANIA, NORTHERN EPIRUS: Survey of a Disputed Ethnological Boundary ''farsarotul.org''

★ Miranda Vickers, The Cham Issue - Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece, ''Conflict Studies Resolution Centre'', April 2002.

★ Pan-Albanianism: How Big a Threat to Balkan Stability? ''International Crisis Group''

★ Anglo-American comments that light on the persecution of the Chams in the years 1944-1945

★ No Chams issue, Beglitis reiterates Athens, 29 June 2001 (ANA)

★ Chams still pressing for return of Greek citizenship and property

★ Greece: Human Rights Developments ''Human Rights Watch''

★ Special Report 77: Albanians in the Balkans ''United States Institute of Peace''

★ Albania protest halts Greek visit BBC Tuesday, 1 November 2005

★ Document of the Committee of the Cham Albanians Submitted to the Human Rights Commission of the UN in 1945