CATALAN COMPANY

The 'Catalan Company',^[1] short name for the 'Catalan Company of the East' (''Companyia Catalana d'Orient'' in Catalan), was a free company of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor in early 14th-century Europe. De Flor formed the company after the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 had left jobless the soldiers from Catalonia and Aragon who had been fighting against the French dynasty of Anjou.
In 1303 de Flor offered the services of his Company to the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus and his son the Basileus Michael IX Palaeologus. The Byzantine Empire was under the constant attack of the Turks advancing over Anatolia. Roger de Flor had been a Templar knight and fought to defend by sea the town of Saint John of Acre in Palestine before it was lost in 1291 to the Mameluks. Roger de Flor's offer was promptly accepted by both Byzantium and the Aragonese rulers in Sicily and southern Italy eager to rid themselves of unruly armies. Roger de Flor formed his Company with 1500 knights and 4000 Almogavars, foot soldiers drafted by Christian armies during the Reconquista, from Catalonia and Aragon. He departed for Constantinople with 39 galleys and transports carrying 6,500 people of which 2,500 were fighting men.
Roger de Flor arrived in Constantinople with the help of king Frederick III of Sicily in 1303, married the niece of Andronicus, daughter of the tsar of Bulgaria, and was named grand duke (head of the fleet), as was previously agreed. Roger de Flor took his Company to Anatolia where he defeated the Ottoman Turks and was given the region without the cities as his fiefdom. The unruliness of the Almogavars set free in Anatolia, and the growing distrust of the Byzantine Emperors who found themselves with a Western army in the heart of their empire marked the end of Roger de Flor. On April 4, 1305 he along with 300 cavalry and 1,000 infantry were massacred by the Alanians, also mercenaries at the service of the emperors, in Adrianopolis (now Edirne) while attending a banquet offer in their honor by the Emperor Michael, who later attacked Gallipoli with the intention of taking it from the Company under Berenguer de Entença who had arrived with 9 Spanish galleys. The attack was unsuccessful, but it decimated the Company. Berenguer de Entença was captured by the Genoese shortly after, and later liberated. The Company had 206 horsemen, 1256 foot soldiers left and no clear leader when king Michael, trusting in his superiority in numbers, attacked again only to be defeated in Apros in July 1305.
The killing of Roger de Flor and his group unleashed what was to be called the "Catalan Revenge" against the Byzantine Empire. Following the rules of chivalry, they challenged the Emperor himself whose only answer was to kill their embassies, and ended up killing every Catalan and Aragonese living then in Constantinople. The Company answer was to devastate the regions of Thrace and Macedonia for the following two years – devastation that stayed in Greek popular memory until the beginning of the 20th century.
The Company was then a powerful prize in imperial politics that Frederick III of Sicily tried to control. Frederick III sent the Infante Ferran of Mallorca to Gallipoli as Captain. However, Bernat de Rocafort, one of the leaders of the Company, opposed this move and faced Berenguer de Entença, Ferran Ximenis d'Arenós, and others that accepted the Infante. The struggle ended with the departure of the Infante Ferran and the Company under the control of Bernat de Rocafort. The administrator, Ramon Muntaner also left then and later wrote the chronicles that tell these stories. Bernat de Rocafort offered the services of the Company to Charles of Valois to help in his claims to the Byzantine Empire and whom the Count of Barcelona had expelled from Sicily before founding the Company in a dynastic war for the Crown of Aragon. In 1309, Thibault de Chepoy, the deputy of Charles of Valois, ended the tyrannical rule of Rocafort seizing him and sending him to Naples where he died of hunger the same year.
The Company offered its service to Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens, in 1310, and within a year it freed the duchy of its enemies, only to be betrayed by Brienne who did not recognize his obligations. The Company attacked, defeated and killed Brienne on March 15, 1311 in the Battle of Halmyros on the river Cephissus in Boeotia, and thus took control of the duchy of Athens. Around this time, the Company was also responsible for the final destruction of the ancient city of Thebes.

No longer under control of the Franks the new Aragonese lands expand into Thessaly and become the duchies of Athens and Neopatria until 1388–1390 when they fell to the Florentines under Nerio I Acciaioli of Corinth. His descendants controlled them until 1456 when they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire. By that time, like many military adventures the Great Company had fizzed out of history.
The early history of the Catalan Company was chronicled by Ramon Muntaner, a member of the company, in his ''Crònica''.

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Notes

1. The full and official name of the company was 'Company of the Army of the Franks in Romania'. It is often called the 'Grand Company'.

Sources

★ Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor) ''A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries''. Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975.

★ Setton, Kenneth M. ''Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380''. Revised edition. Variorum: London, 1975.

See Also

★ Almogavars

★ Roger de Flor

★ Walter V of Brienne

★ Roger Deslaur