CASTEL SANT'ANGELO

:''For the town with the same name, see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI)


The 'Mausoleum of Hadrian', usually known as the 'Castel Sant'Angelo', is a towering cylindrical building in Rome, initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. The building, located in the rione of Borgo, spent over a thousand years as a fortress and castle, and is now a museum.

Contents

Hadrian's tomb

Destruction

Papal fortress, residence and prison

Museum

Popular culture

Notes

External links

Hadrian's tomb

The tomb of the Roman emperor Hadrian was erected on the right bank of the Tiber, between 135 and 139. Originally the mausoleum was a decorated cylinder, with a garden top and golden quadriga. Hadrian's ashes were placed here a year after his death in Baiae in 138, together with those of his wife Sabina, and his first adopted son, Lucius Aelius, who also died in 138. Following this, the remains of succeeding emperors were also placed here, the last recorded deposition being Caracalla in 217. The urns containing these ashes were probably placed in what is now known as the Treasury room deep within the building. Hadrian also built the Ponte Sant'Angelo facing straight onto the mausoleum -- it still provides a scenic approach from the center of Rome and the right bank of the Tiber, and is renowned for the Baroque additions of statuary of angels holding aloft elements of the Passion of Christ.

Destruction

Much of the tomb contents and decoration has been lost since the building's conversion into a military fortress in 401 and inclusion by Flavius Augustus Honorius in the Aurelian Walls. The urns and ashes were scattered by Visigothic looters in Alaric's sack of Rome in 410, and the original decorative bronze and stone statuary was thrown down upon the attacking Goths when they besieged Rome in 537, as recounted by Procopius. An unusual survival, however, is the capstone of a funerary urn (most probably that of Hadrian), which made its way to Saint Peter's Basilica and was recycled in a massive Renaissance baptistery. That spolia from the tomb had been used in the post-Roman period was already appreciated in the 16th century - Giorgio Vasari writes:


Legend holds that the Archangel Michael appeared atop the mausoleum, sheathing his sword as a sign of the end of the plague of 590, thus lending the castle its present name.

Papal fortress, residence and prison

The popes converted the structure into a castle, from the 14th century; Pope Nicholas III connected the castle to St. Peter's Basilica by a covered fortified corridor called the ''Passetto di Borgo.'' The fortress was the refuge of Pope Clement VII from the siege of Charles V's Landsknecht during the Sack of Rome (1527), in which Benvenuto Cellini describes strolling the ramparts and shooting enemy soldiers.
Leo X built a chapel with a fine ''Madonna'' by Raffaello da Montelupo. In 1536 Montelupo also created a marble statue of Saint Michael holding his sword after the 590 plague (as described above) to surmount the Castel.^[1] Later Paul III built a rich apartment, to ensure that in any future siege the Pope had an appropriate place to stay.
Montelupo's statue was replaced by a bronze statue of the same subject, executed by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt, in 1753. Verschaffelt's is still in place, though Montelupo's can be seen in an open court in the interior of the Castle.
The Papal state also used Sant'Angelo as a prison; Giordano Bruno, for example, was imprisoned there for six years. Executions were made in the small interior square. As a prison, it was also the setting for the third act of Giacomo Puccini's ''Tosca'' from whose ramparts the eponymous heroine of the opera leaps to her death.

Museum

Decommissioned in 1901, the castle is now a museum, the Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo.

Popular culture

The Castel Sant'Angelo appeared in Dan Brown's 2000 novel ''Angels and Demons''. The location was the secret lair for the Hassassin and is the last existing church of the Illuminati.
The castle appeared in the film ''Roman Holiday'' in a scene taking place on barges on the river below.
In Eric Flint's alternative history novel '', the castle is the scene of intense fighting, and is largely destroyed.

Notes

1. ''Rome'' (Eyewitness Travel Guides) DK Publishing, London (2003) p. 242

External links

★ Satellite image

★ Castel Sant'Angelo Virtual 360° panorama and photos.

★ Site describing arrangement of the original mausoleum.

★ Encyclopedia Romana entry on the tomb on Lacus Curtius site

★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>/Mausoleum_Hadriani.html Platner and Ashby entry on the tomb on Lacus Curtius site