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'Carcassonne' (''Carcassona'' in Occitan) is a fortified French town, in the Aude ''département'' of which it is the ''préfecture'', in the former province of Languedoc. It is separated into the fortified ''Cité de Carcassonne'' and the more expansive lower city, the ''ville basse''. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named ''Carcas'', a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of ''Mme Carcas'' on a column near the Narbonne Gate—is of modern invention. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored from 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.

Contents

Geography

History

Main sights

The fortified city

Other

Economy

Miscellaneous

Sport

In popular culture

References

External links

Geography

The town is located 90 km (56 miles) south-east of Toulouse. It stands in the gap between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central of France. Carcassonne is at the crossing of two major traffic routes in use since Antiquity: the route leading from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean and that from the Massif Central to Spain, skirting the Pyrenees.

History

First signs of settlement in the region have been dated to about 3500 BC, but the hill site of ''Carsac''—a Celtic place-name that has been retained at other sites in the south—became an important trading place in the 6th century BC. The Volcae Tectosages fortified the ''oppidum''.
Carcassonne became strategically identified when Romans fortified the hilltop around 100 BC and eventually made it the ''colonia'' of ''Julia Carsaco'', later ''Carcasum'' (the process of swapping consonant is a metathesis). The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times.
In 462 the Romans officially ceded Septimania to the Visigothic king Theodoric II who had held Carcassonne since 453; he built more fortifications at Carcassonne, which was a frontier post on the northern marches: traces of them still stand. Theodoric is thought to have begun the predecessor of the basilica that is now dedicated to Saint Nazaire. In 508 the Visigoths successfully foiled attacks of the Frankish king Clovis. Saracens from Barcelona took Carcassonne in 725, but King Pippin the Younger drove them away in 759.
In 760, Pippin took most of the south of France, although he was unable to penetrate the impregnable fortress of Carcassonne.
In 1067 Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, viscount of Albi and Nîmes, through his marriage with Ermengard, sister of the last count of Carcassonne. In the following centuries the Trencavel family allied in succession either with the counts of Barcelona or of Toulouse. They built the ''Château Comtal'' and the Basilica of Saint-Nazaire. In 1096 Pope Urban II blessed the foundation stones of the new cathedral, a Catholic bastion against the Cathar heretics.
Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of occitan cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. After capturing Raymond-Roger de Trencavel and imprisoning and allowing him to die, Montfort made himself the new viscount. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and Aragon.
In 1240 Trencavel's son tried to reconquer his old domain but in vain. The city submitted to the rule of kingdom of France in 1247, and King Louis IX founded the new part of the town across the river. He and his successor Philip III built the outer ramparts. Contemporary opinion still considered the fortress impregnable. During the Hundred Years' War, Edward the Black Prince failed to take the city in 1355, although his troops destroyed the Lower Town.
In 1659, the Treaty of Pyrenees transferred the border province of Roussillon to France, and Carcassonne's military significance was reduced. Fortifications were abandoned, and the city became mainly an economic center that concentrated on the woollen textile industry, for which a 1723 source quoted by Fernand Braudel found it “the manufacturing center of Languedoc” ^[1].

Main sights

The fortified city

Carcassonne was struck from the roster of official fortifications under Napoleon and the Restoration, and the fortified ''cité'' of Carcassonne fell into such disrepair that the French government decided that it should be demolished. A decree to that effect that was made official in 1849 caused an uproar. The antiquary and mayor of Carcassonne, Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille, and the writer Prosper Mérimée, the first inspector of ancient monuments, led a campaign to preserve the fortress as a historical monument. Later in the year the architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, already at work restoring the Basilica of Saint-Nazaire, was commissioned to renovate the place.
In 1853, works began with the west and southwest walling, followed by the towers of the ''porte Narbonnaise'' and the principal entrance to the ''cité''. The fortifications were consolidated here and there but the chief attention was paid to restoring the roofing of the towers and the ramparts, where Viollet-le-Duc ordered the destruction of structures that had encroached against the walls, some of them of considerable age. Viollet-le-Duc left copious notes and drawings at his death in 1879, when his pupil Paul Boeswillwald, and later the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne.
The restoration was strongly criticized during Viollet-le-Duc's lifetime. Fresh from work in the north of France, he made the error of using slates and restoring the roofs as pointed cones, where local practice was traditionally of tile roofing and low slopes, in a snow-free environment. Yet, overall, Viollet-le-Duc's achievement at Carcassonne is agreed to be a work of genius, though not of strictest authenticity.
Fortifications consists of a double ring of ramparts and 53 towers.

Other

Another bridge, Pont Marengo, crosses the Canal du Midi and provides access to the railway station. Lac de la Cavayère has been created as a recreational lake and is about five minutes from the city centre.

Economy

The newer part (''Ville Basse'') of the city on the other side of the Aude river (which dates back from the Middle Ages, created after the crusade) manufactures shoes, rubber and textiles. It is also the center of a major AOC wine-growing region. A major part of its income, however, comes from the tourism connected to the fortifications (''Cité'') and from boat cruising on the Canal du Midi. Carcassonne receives about three million visitors annually. In the late 1990s Carcassonne airport started taking budget flights to and from European airports and in 2006 had regular flight connections with Dublin, Shannon, Stansted, Liverpool, East Midlands and Charleroi.

Miscellaneous

Historically, the language spoken in Carcassonne and throughout Languedoc-Rousillon was not French, but actually the quite different Occitan.On 6 March, 2000, France issued a stamp commemorating the fortress of Carcassonne.

Sport

Carcassonne was the starting point for a stage in the 2004 Tour de France and an endpoint in the 2006 Tour de France.
Rugby League is very popular in Carcassonne and the local team is AS Carcassonne. They are traditionally a strong team of French rugby league championship and often compete in the Challenge Cup in England. The city often hosts the Grand Final as well as International Test matches.

In popular culture

The history of Carcassonne is re-told in fiction, in the novel ''Labyrinth'' by Kate Mosse.
''Carcassonne'' is a board game created by Klaus-Jürgen Wrede in 2000, and published by Hans im Glück and Rio Grande Games. 2-5 players develop the area around Carcassonne by strategically placing land tiles on the board.
An Xbox 360 Live Arcade game, Carcassonne is based on the board game of the same name and features 3D graphics along with online multiplayer. It first appeared on the Xbox 360 Live Marketplace on June 27, 2007.

References

1. Fernand Braudel, ''The Wheels of Commerce'' 1982, vol. II of ''Civilization and Capitalism'', p 334

External links

★ Official website of the city of Carcassonne / / / /

★ Cité de Carcassonne, from the French Ministry of Culture

★ Photos and videos of Carcassonne

★ A very complete and multilingual site about Carcassonne and the area

★ Many photos of Carcassonne

★ Photos of the medieval city of Carcassonne

★ Official website of Carcassonne Airport