CAPE HORN

'Cape Horn' (Dutch: ''Kaap Hoorn''; Spanish: '''Cabo de Hornos'''; named after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile.
It is widely considered to be the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes, and marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage; for many years it was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. However, the waters around the cape are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.
The need for ships to round the horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe, almost all of these choosing routes through the canals to the north of the actual Cape, though many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to actually visit Horn Island or even sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.

Contents

Geography

Climate

Political

Sailing routes

Shipping hazards

History

Discovery

Trade route

Recreational and sport sailing

Literature and culture

Further reading

See also

References

External links

Geography

Cape Horn is the southernmost point of land closely associated with South America; it is located at , on Isla Hornos in the Hermite Islands group, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.''Cape Horn the Terrible'', by Paolo Venanzangeli; from Nautical Web. Retrieved February 5, 2006.^[1] It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica. The dividing line between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans runs along the meridian of Cape Horn, from Tierra del Fuego to the Southern Ocean.^[2] It is located in Cabo de Hornos National Park.
Cape Horn was originally given the Dutch name "Kaap Hoorn", in honour of the Dutch city of Hoorn; in a typical example of false friends, the Hoorn became known in English as "Cape Horn", and in Spanish as "Cabo de Hornos" (which literally means "Cape of Ovens").''Perilous Cape Horn'', by P.J. Gladnick; from eSsortment, 2002. Retrieved February 5, 2006. It is commonly known to sailors simply as 'The Horn'.^[3]
While Cape Horn is widely considered to be the southernmost point of South America, it is actually the southernmost point of the South America landmass (the southernmost point of South America is Cape Froward on Brunswick Peninsula). Cape Horn is located on Isla Hornos, the most southerly of the Hermite Islands, which themselves are part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.^[4] Tierra del Fuego is separated from the South America mainland by the Strait of Magellan. Also of note, the southernmost point of land on the South American continental shelf is on the Diego Ramirez Islands. On the other hand, 56 kilometers (35 mi) to the northwest from Cape Horn on Hoste Island lies False Cape Horn, which is so named because as sailors approaching from the west would confuse it with Cape Horn, and since the Wollaston Islands are due east of the false cape, this navigation error has led to several shipwrecks.^[5]

The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse;^[6] A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture featuring the silhouette of an albatross, in honour of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn".^[7]
However, the Chilean Navy station, including the lighthouse, and the memorial are not located in the Cape Horn itself, that is rather inaccessible both by land and by sea, but in another land point about a mile farther east-northeast. In the ''real'' Cape Horn there is nevertheless a 4 m (13 ft) fiberglass light tower with a focal plane of 40 m (131 ft) and a range of about 21 km (13 mi)), which is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse, but for unknown reasons it is not publicized as the ''end of the world'' light.
The terrain is entirely treeless, although quite lush owing to the frequent precipitation.

Climate

The climate in the region is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; however, a study in 1882–1883 found an annual rainfall of 1,357 millimetres (53.42 in), with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). Winds were reported to average 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph), with squalls of over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) occurring in all seasons.^[8]
Contemporary weather records for Ushuaia, 146 kilometres (91 mi) north, show that summer (January–February) average temperatures range from highs of 14 °C (57 °F) to lows of 5 °C (42 °F); in winter (July), average temperatures range from 4 °C (40 °F) to −2 °C (29 °F). Cloud cover is generally high, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January.^[9] Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramirez Islands, 109 kilometres (68 mi) south-west in the Drake Passage, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in).^[10] Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5% of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale force winds occur up to 30% of the time, often with poor visibility.^[11]

Political

Cape Horn is part of the Commune of Cabo de Hornos (formerly 'Navarino'), whose capital is Puerto Williams; this in turn is part of Antártica Chilena Province, whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile.^[12]
Puerto Toro, a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape, and the southernmost town in the world.

Sailing routes

There are a number of potential sailing routes around the tip of South America. The Strait of Magellan, between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major — although narrow — passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered; the Beagle Channel, between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino, offers a potential, though difficult route; and there are various passages around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn.^[13]
All of these, however, are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning;^[14] given the narrowness of these routes, there is a significant risk of then being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 650 kilometres (400 mi) wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions.

Shipping hazards

Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at 56° south. (For comparison, Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35° south; Stewart Island at the south end of New Zealand is 47° south.)
The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the "roaring forties" and the even more wild "furious fifties" and "screaming sixties". These winds are hazardous enough in themselves that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds.^[15] These winds are further exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula, which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage.
The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain enormous size as they roll around the Southern Ocean, free of any interruption from land. At the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water to the south of the Horn, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing east wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves.^[16] In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves, which can attain heights of up to 30 metres (100 ft).^[17]
The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels attempting to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. Although this affects all vessels to some extent, it was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times;^[18] modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in the ''Global Challenge'' race. In recent times, only two small yachts have taken this route, John Kershmere did so on his 32 footer in the early 80s. Lin and Larry Pardey sailed west around the Cape in 2003 on an engineless 29 footer.
Finally, ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn, icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February (summer in Southern Hemisphere), icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, though, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit.^[19] These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships were wrecked, and many sailors died, attempting to round the Cape.

History

Discovery

Approaching Cape Horn from the south-west.

In 1525 the vessel ''San Lesmes'' commanded by Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition, was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached 56º S where ''they thought to see Land's End''.
In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake, in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego. The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan.^[20]
By the early 1600s, the Dutch East India Company held a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Strait of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, the only two known routes at the time to the Far East. In an effort to find an alternative route and hence break the monopoly, the Dutch merchant Jacob le Maire, together with navigator Willem Schouten, set off to investigate Drake's suggestion of a route to the south of Tierra del Fuego. Backed by the city leaders of the Dutch town of Hoorn, the expedition set off in two ships, ''Eendracht'' and ''Hoorn'', in May, 1615.
''Hoorn'' was accidentally destroyed in Patagonia, but in January, 1616, ''Eendracht'' passed through the Le Maire Strait, as it is now known, and sighted a high island to the south. They named the new cape "Kaap Hoorn", in honour of the expedition's sponsors. At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is an interesting testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 kilometres (400 mi) away across the Drake Passage, was discovered as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years.

Trade route

The clipper route followed by ships sailing between England and Australia/New Zealand passed around Cape Horn.

From the 1700s to the early 1900s, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world's trade. Clipper ships sailed round the horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe;^[21] much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn.^[22][23] The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there.
Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring — in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage — and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table.^[24][25]
The transcontinental railroads in North America, as well as the Panama Canal in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. As steamships replaced sailing ships, ''Pamir'' became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, en route from Australia to Finland in 1949.

Recreational and sport sailing

Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals, the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest, and so many sailors seek it out for its own sake.^[26][27][28]
The first small boat to sail around Cape Horn was the 42-foot (13 m) yacht ''Saoirse'', sailed by Connor O'Brien with three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925. In 1934, the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west — the "wrong way" — in his boat ''Mary Jane'', but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile.^[29] The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was Vito Dumas, who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33-foot (10 m) ketch ''Lehg II''; a number of other sailors have since followed him.^[30] including Webb Chiles aboard "EGREGIOUS" who in December 1975 became the first American to round Cape Horn single-handed.
Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was the ''Sunday Times Golden Globe Race'', which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-day ''Around Alone'' race, which circumnavigates with stops, and the ''Vendée Globe'', which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. The ''Volvo Ocean Race'' is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, the ''Global Challenge'' race goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents.
The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht ''Tzu Hang''. Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boat pitchpoled (ie. somersaulted end-over-end). Although they survived, and were able to make repairs in Talcahuano, Chile, they attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over, and dismasted for a second time, by another rogue wave, which again they miraculously survived.^[31]

Literature and culture

Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured in sea shanties^[32] and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is ''Two Years Before the Mast'', by Richard Henry Dana, Jr., in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn:
Charles Darwin, in ''The Voyage of the Beagle'', a journal of the five-year expedition upon which he based ''The Origin of Species'', described his 1832 encounter with the Horn:
Alan Villiers, a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, including ''By way of Cape Horn''.^[33] More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such as Vito Dumas, who wrote ''Alone Through The Roaring Forties'' based on his round-the-world voyage;^[34] or with small crews.
In the latter category, Hal and Margaret Roth did much to popularise ocean sailing with several books, including ''Two against Cape Horn'', describing their voyage around the Horn;^[35][36] and the father-son team of David and Daniel Hays describe their voyage as a bonding experience in ''My Old Man and the Sea''.^[37]
Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the horn; once with his wife Françoise, described in ''Cape Horn: The Logical Route'',^[38] and once single-handed. His book ''The Long Way'' tells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn:

Further reading

★ ''Around Cape Horn: A Maritime Artist/Historian's Account of His 1892 Voyage'', by Charles G. Davis and Neal Parker. Down East Books, 2004. ISBN 0-89272-646-6

★ ''Cape Horn. A Maritime History'', by Robin Knox-Johnston. London Hodder&Stoughton ISBN 0-340-41527-4

★ ''Cape Horn: The Story of the Cape Horn Region'', by Felix Riesenberg and William A. Briesemeister. Ox Bow Press, 1994. ISBN 1-881987-04-3

★ ''Cape Horn and Other Stories From the End of the World'', by Francisco Coloane. Latin American Literary Review Press, 2003. ISBN 1-891270-17-6

★ ''Gipsy Moth Circles the World'', Sir Francis Chichester; International Marine, 2001. ISBN 0-07-136449-8

★ ''Rounding the Horn: Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers, Drake, Darwin, Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives - A Deck's-Eye View of Cape Horn'', by Dallas Murphy. Basic Books, 2004. ISBN 0-465-04759-9

★ ''En el Mar Austral'', by Fray Mocho. University of Buenos Aires Press (La Serie del Siglo y Medio), 1960. An incredible account of the southern tip of South American by an Argentine Journalist.

★ ''High Endeavours'', by Miles Clark. Greystone, 2002. ISBN 1-55054-058-0 An account of the lives of the author's god-father Miles Smeeton, and his wife Beryl, including a couple of spectacular trips to the Horn.

★ ''Expediciones españolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de fuego'', by Javier Oyarzun. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica ISBN 84-7232-130-4.

★ ''Storm Passage'' by Webb Chiles. Times Books ISBN 10-0812907035

See also

★ Cabo de Hornos, Chilean commune in Antártica Chilena Province of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region.

★ Hermite Islands

★ Garcia de Nodal expedition, the second passing around Cape Horn

★ Cabo de Hornos Biosphere Reserve

★ Cape of Good Hope, one of its two African counterparts

★ Cape Agulhas, one of its two African counterparts

★ Cape Leeuwin, the Australian landmark on the clipper route

★ Strait of Magellan, an alternate route around South America

★ Beagle Conflict affecting the nearby Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands

References

1. ''Cabo de Hornos'', by Mariolina Rolfo and Giorgio Ardrizzi. From ''Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Nautical Guide'', Editrice Incontri Nautici, 2004. ISBN 88-85986-34-X
2. ''Limits of Oceans and Seas''. International Hydrographic Organization Special Publication No. 23, 1953.
3. ''Rounding the Horn'', by Dallas Murphy; Basic Books, 2004. ISBN 0-465-04759-9
4. ''Journeys in Time: Places'', from Macquarie University Library, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
5. ''Cape Horn'', from Victory Cruises, 2005. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
6. ''Isla Hornos Lighthouse'', from Lighthouse Depot. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
7. ''Cape Horn Memorial'', by Roberto Benavente; from Fundacion Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
8. ''Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago'', James C. Cokendolpher and Dolly Lanfranco L.; from Texas Tech University, 1985. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
9. ''Ushuaia: Monthly Normals'', from Weather Underground. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
10. ''Isla Diego Ramirez: Monthly Normals'', from Weather Underground. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
11. ''U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World: Rounding Cape Horn'', 1995. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
12. ''Cabo de Hornos designado Reserva de la Biósfera'', from CONAF. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
13. ''Sailing the Patagonian channels'', from Yachting Club CERN, 2005. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
14. ''Winds of the World: The Williwaw'', from Weather Online. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
15. ''Along the Clipper Way'', Francis Chichester; page 134. Hodder & Stoughton, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00191-7
16. ''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 151–152.
17. ''Rogue waves'', from Europa Research. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
18. ''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 72–73.
19. ''Atlas of Pilot Charts: South Pacific Ocean''; Lighthouse Press, 2001. ISBN 1-57785-202-8
20. ''Voyage of the Golden Hind'', from The Golden Hind. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
21. ''Along the Clipper Way''; page 7.
22. ''The Circumnavigators'', by Don Holm; '' Around the Three Capes''. Prentice-Hall, NY, 1974. ISBN 0131344528 Retrieved February 5, 2006.
23. ''North America and the Cape Horn Route'', by Captain Harold D. Huycke; from Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
24. ''A Voyage for Madmen'', by Peter Nichols; pages 4–5. Harper Collins, 2001. ISBN 0-06-095703-4
25. ''Covey Crump — "cape"'', Commander A. Covey-Crump, RN, 1955; from the Royal Navy. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
26. ''Rob Duncan's Quest for Cape Horn'', by Rob Duncan. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
27. ''The Modern Cape Horner'', from Victory Expeditions. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
28. ''Cape Horn to Starboard'', from Lin and Larry Pardey. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
29. ''The Circumnavigators'', by Don Holm; Chapter 15.
30. ''List Of Solo Circumnavigators'', from the Joshua Slocum Society International. Retrieved February 12, 2006
31. ''Once Is Enough'', by Miles Smeeton. International Marine Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-07-141431-2
32. ''Around Cape Horn'', from Frank Petersohn. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
33. ''By way of Cape Horn'', by Alan John Villiers. (Out of print.)
34. ''Alone Through The Roaring Forties'', Vito Dumas; McGraw-Hill Education, 2001. ISBN 0-07-137611-9
35. ''Biography of Hal Roth'', from Torresen Sailing. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
36. ''Two against Cape Horn'', by Hal Roth. Norton, 1978. ISBN 0-393-03223-X
37. ''My Old Man and the Sea: A Father and Son Sail Around Cape Horn'', by David and Daniel Hays. Algonquin Books, 1995. ISBN 1-56512-102-3
38. ''Cape Horn: The Logical Route; 14,216 Miles Without Port of Call'', by Bernard Moitessier. Sheridan House, 2003. ISBN 1-57409-154-9

External links

★ Spanish WP on Commune of Cabo de Hornos

★ Comuna de Cabo de Hornos / Commune of Cabo de Hornos official website

★ Chilean Brotherhood of Cape Horn Captains (Caphorniers)

★ Amicale Internationale des Capitaines au Long Cours Cap-Horniers (A.I.C.H.) / International Brotherhood Captains Cap-Horners

★ German WP on Kap Hoornier

★ ''Cape Horn, Tierra Del Fuego, Antarctica and South Georgia'' — antique charts of the Cape Horn region, from Victory Cruises

★ ''Sailing Way Down South'' — Ellen MacArthur's rendezvous at Cabo de Hornos

★ ''Flying Cloud Around the Horn'' — description of an 1853 passage of the Horn

★ ''Antarctica, Continent of Ice'' — relevant discussion of Cape Horn and Drake Passage

★ Satellite image from Google Maps
68. Cape Horn to Starboard - Lin Pardey http://www.landlpardey.com