The 'Kingdom of Cambodia' (
IPA: , formerly known as 'Kampuchea' (
IPA: ,
Cambodia5.png
,
transliterated: ''Preăh Réachéanachâkr KâmpÅchea'') is a country in
Southeast Asia with a population of over 13 million people.
Phnom Penh is the capital city. Cambodia is the
successor state of the once-powerful
Hindu and
Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the
Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.
A citizen of Cambodia is usually identified as "Cambodian" or "Khmer," the latter of which strictly refers to
ethnic Khmers. Most Cambodians are
Theravada Buddhists of Khmer extraction, but the country also has a substantial number of predominantly
Muslim Cham, as well as ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese and small
animist hill tribes.
The country borders
Thailand to its west and northwest,
Laos to its northeast, and
Vietnam to its east and southeast. In the south it faces the
Gulf of Thailand. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by the
Mekong river (colloquial
Khmer: ''Tonle Thom'' or "the great river") and the
Tonlé Sap ("the fresh water lake"), an important source of fish. Much of Cambodia sits near sea level, and consequently the Tonle Sap River reverses its water flow in the wet season, carrying water from the Mekong back into the Tonlé Sap Lake and surrounding flood plain.
Cambodia's main industries are garments and tourism. In 2006, foreign visitors had surpassed the
1.7 million mark. In 2005,
oil and natural gas deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial water, and once commercial extraction begins in 2009 or early 2010, the oil revenues could profoundly affect Cambodia's economy.
Naming
''Cambodia'' is the traditional
English transliteration, taken from the
French ''Cambodge'', while ''Kampuchea'' is the direct transliteration, more faithful to the Khmer pronunciation. The
Khmer ''Kampuchea'' is derived from the ancient Khmer kingdom of
Kambuja (''Kambujadesa''). Kambuja or
Kamboja is the ancient
Sanskrit name of the
Kambojas, an early tribe of north
India, named after their founder
Kambu Svayambhuva, believed to be a variant of
Cambyses. See
Etymology of Kamboja.
''Preahreachanachâk Kampuchea'' means "Kingdom of Cambodia". Etymologically, its components are: ''Preah-'' ("sacred"); ''-reach-'' ("king, royal, realm", from Sanskrit); ''-ana-'' (from
PÄli '', "authority, command, power", itself from Sanskrit '', same meaning) ''-châk'' (from Sanskrit ''cakra'', meaning "wheel", a symbol of power and rule).
The name used on formal occasions, such as political speeches and news programs, is ''Prâteh Kampuchea'' (), literally "the Country of Cambodia". ''Prâteh'' is a formal word meaning "country."
The colloquial name most used by Khmer people, is ''Srok Khmae'' (), literally "the Khmer Land". ''Srok'' is a
Mon-Khmer word roughly equal to ''prâteh'', but less formal. ''Khmer'' is spelled with a final "r" in the Khmer alphabet, but the word-final "r"
phoneme disappeared from most dialects of Khmer in the 19th century and is not pronounced in the contemporary speech of the standard dialect.
Since independence, the official name of Cambodia has changed several times, following the troubled history of the country. The following names have been used in English and French since 1954.
1993 stamp showing the name ''État du Cambodge''
★ ''Kingdom of Cambodia''/''Royaume du Cambodge'' under the rule of the monarchy from 1953 through 1970;
★ ''Khmer Republic''/''République Khmère'' (a
calque of
French Republic) under the
Lon Nol led government from 1970 to 1975;
★ ''Democratic Kampuchea''/''Kampuchea démocratique'' under the rule of the communist
Khmer Rouge from 1975 to 1979;
★ ''People's Republic of Kampuchea''/''République populaire du Kampuchea'' under the rule of the Vietnamese-sponsored government from 1979 to 1989;
★ ''State of Cambodia''/''État du Cambodge'' (a neutral name, while deciding whether to return to monarchy) under the rule of the United Nations transitional authority from 1989 to 1993;
★ ''Kingdom of Cambodia''/''Royaume du Cambodge'' reused after the restoration of the monarchy in 1993.
History
A
Khmer army going to war against the
Cham, from a relief on the
Bayon
The first advanced civilizations in present-day Cambodia appeared in the
1st millennium AD. During the
3rd,
4th, and
5th centuries, the Indianised states of
Funan and
Chenla coalesced in what is now present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. These states, which are assumed by most scholars to have been Khmer,
[1] had close relations with
China and
India.
[2] Their collapse was followed by the rise of the
Khmer Empire, a civilization which flourished in the area from the
9th century to the
13th century.
The
Khmer Empire declined yet remained powerful in the region until the 15th century. The empire's center of power was
Angkor, where a series of capitals was constructed during the empire's zenith.
Angkor Wat, the most famous and best-preserved religious temple at the site, is a reminder of Cambodia's past as a major regional power.
After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the
Thai and abandoned in 1432. The court moved the capital to
Lovek where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The attempt was short-lived, however, as continued wars with the Thai and
Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and the conquering of Lovek in 1594. During the next three centuries, The Khmer kingdom alternated as a vassal state of the Thai and Vietnamese kings, with short-lived periods of relative independence between.
In 1863
King Norodom, who had been installed by Thailand,
[3] sought the protection of France. In 1867, the Thai king signed a treaty with France, renouncing
Suzerainty over Cambodia in exchange for the control of
Battambang and
Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of
Thailand. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between
France and
Thailand in 1906.
Cambodia continued as a
protectorate of
France from 1863 to 1953, administered as part of the French
colony of
Indochina. After war-time occupation by the
Japanese empire from 1941 to 1945, Cambodia gained independence from
France on
November 9 1953. It became a constitutional monarchy under
King Norodom Sihanouk.
In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father in order to be elected Prime Minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of Prince. As the
Vietnam War progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of
neutrality until
ousted in 1970 by a military
coup led by Prime Minister General
Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath
Sirik Matak, while on a trip abroad. From
Beijing, Sihanouk realigned himself with the
communist Khmer Rouge rebels who had been slowly gaining territory in the remote mountain regions and urged his followers to help in overthowing the pro-
United States government of Lon Nol, hastening the onset of
civil war.
[4]
Operation Menu, a series of secret
B-52 bombing raids by the
United States on alleged
Viet Cong bases and supply routes inside Cambodia, was acknowledged after Lon Nol assumed power; U.S. forces
briefly invaded Cambodia in a further effort to disrupt the Viet Cong. The bombing continued and, as the Cambodian communists began gaining ground, eventually included strikes on suspected Khmer Rouge sites until halted in 1973. Estimates of the number of Cambodians killed during the bombing campaigns vary widely.
[5] As many as 800,000 civilians are believed to have died from the bombings. 2 million were made refugees.The Khmer Rouge reached Phnom Penh and took power in 1975, changing the official name of the country to
Democratic Kampuchea, led by
Pol Pot.
Estimates vary as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime. The Finnish inquiry Commission give 75,000 to 150,000 as a "realistic estimate" for outright executions, and a figure of roughly 1 million dead from killings, hunger, disease and overwork. Cambodia specialist Michael Vickery accepts as plausible about 750,000 "deaths in excess of normal and due to the special conditions of DK," with perhaps 200,000 to 300,000 executed and a total population decline for this period of about 400,000.
Part of the death toll under Pol Pot must be attributed to the conditions left by the US war. As the war ended, deaths from starvation in Phnom Penh alone were running at about 100,000 a year, and the US airlift that kept the population alive was immediately terminated. The US embassy estimated that available rice in Phnom Penh would suffice for at most a few weeks.The final US AID report observed that the country faced famine in 1975, with 75% of its draft animals destroyed by the war, and that rice planting for the next harvest, eight months hence, would have to be done "by the hard labor of seriously malnourished people." The report predicted "widespread starvation" and "slave labor and starvation rations for half the nation's people" for the coming year, and "general deprivation and suffering... over the next 2 or 3 years before Cambodia can get back to rice self-sufficiency."
[1] Cambodia specialist Milton Osborne concludes that Communist terror was "surely a reaction to the terrible region of Communist-held regions" by the US air Force. Another Cambodia scholar, David Chandler, comments that the bombing turned "thousands of young Cambodians into participation in an anti-American crusade," as it "destroyed a good deal of the fabric of prewar Cambodian society and provided the CPK [Khmer Rouge] with the psychological ingredients of a violent, vengeful, and unrelenting social revolution," a "class warfare between the 'base people' who had been bombed, and the 'new people' who had taken refuge from the bombing and thus had taken sides, in CPK thinking, with the United States." "French intransigence had turned nationalists into Communists," Philip Windsor observes, while "American ruthlessness now turned Communists into totalitarian fanatics."
[2]
There have been higher estimates of Khmer rouge atrocities, some of which have been criticized for exaggerating numbers for politically-motivated reasons
[3]. These estimates range anywhere from 1.2 million to 3 million Cambodians.
[6][7] Hundreds of thousands more fled across the border into neighbouring
Thailand.
In November 1978,
Vietnam invaded Cambodia to stop Khmer Rouge incursions across the border and the genocide of
Vietnamese in Cambodia.
[8] Violent occupation and warfare between the Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge holdouts continued throughout the 1980s.
Peace efforts began in
Paris in 1989, culminating two years later in October 1991 in a comprehensive peace settlement. The
United Nations was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire, and deal with refugees and disarmament.
[9]
After the brutality of the 1970s and the 1980s, and the destruction of the cultural, economic, social and political life of Cambodia, it is only in recent years that reconstruction efforts have begun and some political stability has finally returned to Cambodia. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 during a coup d'état,
[10] but has otherwise remained in place. Cambodia has been aided by a number of more developed nations like Japan, France, Canada, Australia and the United States, primarily economically. Money raised in schools and community groups in these countries has gone towards the rebuilding of infrastructure and housing.
Politics/Government
Main articles: Politics of Cambodia
The politics of Cambodia formally take place, according to the nation's
constitution of 1993, in the framework of a
parliamentary,
representative democratic monarchy. The
Prime Minister of Cambodia is the
head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system, while the
king is the
head of state. The Prime Minister is appointed by the King, on the advice and with the approval of the
National Assembly; the Prime Minister and his or her ministerial appointees exercise
executive power in government.
Legislative power is vested in both the executive and the two chambers of parliament, the
National Assembly of Cambodia and the
Senate.
On
October 14,
2004, King
Norodom Sihamoni was selected by a special nine-member throne council, part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the surprise abdication of King Norodom Sihanouk a week before. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister
Hun Sen and National Assembly Speaker Prince
Norodom Ranariddh (the new king's brother), both members of the throne council. He was crowned in Phnom Penh on
October 29. The monarchy is symbolic and does not exercise political power. Norodom Sihamoni was trained in Cambodian classical dance. Due to his long stay in the
Czech Republic (then part of
Czechoslovakia) Norodom Sihamoni is fluent in the
Czech language.
In 2006, Transparency International rated Cambodia as 151 of 163 countries making it one of the most corrupt countries on earth.
[5]The BBC reports that corruption is rampant in the Cambodian political arena
[11] with international aid from the U.S. and other countries being illegally transferred into private accounts.
[12] Corruption has also added to the wide income disparity within the population.
[13]
Provinces, districts, and sections
Main articles: Provinces of Cambodia,
Districts and Sections of Cambodia
Map of Cambodia
Cambodia is divided into 20
provinces (''
khet'', singular and plural) and 4
municipalities (''
krong'', singular and plural). There are further subdivisions into
districts (''
srok''),
communes (''
khum''),
villages (''
phum''), and
islands (''koh'').
Phnom Penh is the largest population center, with over 1 million of Cambodia's 13 million people. Mondulkiri, the hill province in the northeast bordering Vietnam, is the largest province by area but ranks lowest in population density.
[14]
Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of Cambodia
Cambodia is a member of the United Nations and its specialized agencies such as the
World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. It is an
Asian Development Bank (ADB) member, a member of
ASEAN, and joined the
WTO on
13 October 2004. In 2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural
East Asia Summit.
Following a return to political normality, Cambodia has established
diplomatic relations with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country
[15] including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.
[16]
While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 80s have passed, several
border disputes between Cambodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam, and undefined maritime boundaries and border areas with Thailand.
In January 2003, there were
riots in Phnom Penh prompted by rumored comments about
Angkor Wat by a Thai actress wrongly attributed by ''Reaksmei Angkor'', a Cambodian newspaper, and later quoted by Prime Minister
Hun Sen.
[17] The Thai government sent military aircraft to evacuate Thai nationals and closed its border with Cambodia while Thais demonstrated outside the Cambodian embassy in
Bangkok. The border was re-opened on
March 21, after the Cambodian government paid $6 million
USD in compensation for the destruction of the Thai embassy and agreed to compensate individual Thai businesses for their losses.
Geography
Cambodia from space
Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), sharing an 800 kilometre (500 mi) border with
Thailand in the north and west, a 541 kilometre (336 mi) border with
Laos in the northeast, and a 1,228 kilometre (763 mi) border with
Vietnam in the east and southeast. It has 443 kilometres (275 mi) of coastline along the
Gulf of Thailand.
The most distinctive geographical feature is the
lacustrine plain, formed by the inundations of the
Tonle Sap (Great Lake), measuring about 2,590 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) during the dry season and expanding to about 24,605 square kilometres (9,500 sq mi) during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia. Most (about 75%) of the country lies at elevations of less than 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level, the exceptions being the
Cardamom Mountains (highest elevation 1,813 m / 5,948 ft) and their southeast extension the
Dâmrei Mountains ("Elephant Mountains") (elevation range 500–1,000 m or 1,640–3,280 ft), as well the steep escarpment of the
Dângrêk Mountains (average elevation 500 m / 1,640 ft) along the border with Thailand's
Isan region. The highest elevation of Cambodia is
Phnom Aoral, near
Pursat in the centre of the country, at 1,813 metres (5,948 ft).
Climate
Cambodia's temperatures range from 10° to 38 °C (50° to 100 °F) and experiences tropical
monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the
Gulf of Thailand and
Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to March. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
It has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures raise up to 40 °C around April and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can drop to 22 °C. The best months to visit Cambodia are November to January when temperatures and humidity are lower.
Animals of Cambodia
Cambodia has a wide variety of plants and animals, and may even be home to the
Kting Voar, a mysterious snake-eating cow which may or may not have ever existed.
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Cambodia
Despite recent progress, the Cambodian economy continues to suffer from the effects of decades of
civil war, internal strife and rampant corruption. The
per capita income is rapidly increasing, but is low compared with other countries in the region. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. Rice, fish, timber, garments and rubber are Cambodia's major exports, and the United States, Singapore, Japan, Thailand, China, Indonesia and Malaysia are its major export partners.
War and brutal totalitarianism in the 1970s created famine in Cambodia. Desperate farm families consumed their rice seeds and many traditional varieties became difficult to find. In the 1980s the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the
Philippines (Jahn 2006,
2007). These varieties had been collected in the 1960s. In 1987, the Australian government funded IRRI to assist Cambodia to improve its rice production. By 2000, Cambodia was once again self-sufficient in rice (Puckridge 2004, Fredenburg and Hill 1978).
The recovery of Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997–98, due to the
regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting.
Foreign investment and tourism also fell off drastically. Since then however, growth has been steady. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and
growth resumed at 5.0%. Despite severe flooding, GDP grew at 5.0% in 2000, 6.3% in 2001, and 5.2% in 2002. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to 1,055,000 in 2004. During 2003 and 2004 the growth rate remained steady at 5.0%, while in 2004 inflation was at 1.7% and exports at $1.6 billion
US dollars. As of 2005,
GDP per capita in PPP terms was $2,200, which ranked 178th (out of 233) countries.
[18]
The population often lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic
infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504m to the country in 2004,
[19] while the Asian Development Bank alone has provided $850m in loans, grants, and technical assistance.
[A Fact Sheet: Cambodia and ADB, Asian Development Bank. Accessed September 9, 2006.]
The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of
hard currency after the textile industry.
50% of visitor arrivals are to
Angkor, and most of the remainder to
Phnom Penh.
[20] Other tourist hotspots include
Sihanoukville in the southeast which has several popular beaches, and the nearby area around Kampot including the
Bokor Hill Station.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Cambodia
Number of inhabitants between 1961 and 2001 in thousands. Note the decrease during the Khmer Rouge years (1975–79). FAO Data, Cambodia
A Khmer woman
Cambodia is ethnically homogeneous. More than 90% of its population is of
Khmer origin and speaks the
Khmer language, the country's official language. The remainder include
Chinese, Vietnamese,
Cham,
Khmer Loeu, and
Indians.
The Khmer language is a member of the
Mon-Khmer subfamily of the
Austroasiatic language group. French, once the
lingua franca of
Indochina and still spoken by some, mostly older Cambodians as a second language, remains the language of instruction in various schools and universities that are often funded by the government of France.
Cambodian French, a remnant of the country's colonial past, is a dialect found in Cambodia and is frequently used in government. However, in recent decades, many younger Cambodians and those in the business-class have favoured learning English. In the major cities and tourist centers, English is widely spoken and taught at a large number of schools due to the overwhelming number of tourists from English-speaking countries. Even in the most rural outposts, however, most young people speak at least some English, as it is often taught by monks at the local pagodas where many children are educated.
The dominant religion
Theravada Buddhism (95%) was suppressed by the Khmer Rouge but has since experienced a revival.
Islam (3%) and
Christianity (2%) are also practiced.
[21]
Civil war and its aftermath have had a marked effect on the Cambodian population. The median age is 20.6 years, with more than 50% of the population younger than 25. At 0.95 males/female, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion
[6]. In the Cambodian population over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.
has designated Cambodia the third most
mined country in the world,
[22] attributing over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970 to the unexploded landmines left behind in rural areas.
[23] The majority of the victims are children herding animals or playing in the fields.
Adults that survive landmines often require amputation of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.
In 2006, the number of landmines casualties in Cambodia took a sharp decrease of more than 50% compared to 2005, with the number of landmines victims down from 800 in 2005 to less than 400 in 2006.
Culture and society
Main articles: Culture of Cambodia
"Khmer Land" in
Khmer writing, a local expression which refers to Cambodia
Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the
Khmer empire, has distinctive styles of dance, architecture and sculpture, which have strongly influenced neighbouring
Laos and
Thailand.
Angkor Wat (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' "temple") is the best preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era and hundreds of other temples have been discovered in and around the region. The
Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, the infamous prison of the Khmer Rouge, and
Choeung Ek, one of the main
Killing Fields are other important historic sites.
The exterior of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh
(Festival of Boat Racing), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong river begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the Tonle Sap River to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.
[24] Popular games include
cockfighting,
soccer, and kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a
footbag. Notable recent artistic figures include singers
Sinn Sisamouth and
Ros Sereysothea, who introduced new musical styles to the country, and later
Meng Keo Pichenda.
Rice, as in other South East Asian countries, is the staple grain, while fish from the Mekong and Tonle Sap also form an important part of the diet. The Cambodian per capita supply of fish and fish products for food and trade in 2000 was 20
kilograms of fish per year or 2
ounces per day per person.
[25] Some of the fish can be made into
prahok (a Khmer delicacy) for longer storage. Overall, the
cuisine of Cambodia is similar to that of its
Southeast Asian neighbours. The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbors
Thailand and Vietnam and similar to other Southeast Asia cuisines.
Football (
soccer) is one of the more popular sports, although professional organized sports are not as prevalent in Cambodia as in western countries due to the economic conditions. The
Cambodia national football team managed fourth in the
1972 Asian Cup but development has slowed since the civil war. Western sports such as volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey,
rugby, and baseball are gaining popularity while traditional boat racing maintains its appeal as a national sport. Martial arts is also practiced in Cambodia which include the native art of
Pradal Serey,
Karate,
Judo,
Kung Fu and
Taekwondo.
Transport
Phnom Penh street scene
The civil war severely damaged Cambodia's transport system, despite the provision of
Soviet technical assistance and equipment. Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about 612
kilometers (380
mi) of single, one
meter gauge track.
[26] The lines run from the capital to
Sihanoukville on the southern coast, and from Phnom Penh to
Sisophon (although trains often run only as far as
Battambang). Currently only one passenger train per week operates, between Phnom Penh and Battambang.
The nation's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The
Mekong and the
Tonle Sap River, their numerous tributaries, and the
Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including 3,700 kilometers (2,300 mi) navigable all year by craft drawing 0.6 meters (2 ft) and another 282 kilometers (175 mi) navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters (6 ft).
Cambodia has two major ports,
Phnom Penh and
Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, located at the junction of the
Bassac, the
Mekong, and the
Tonle Sap rivers, is the only
river port capable of receiving 8,000
ton ships during the wet season and 5,000
ton ships during the dry season.
With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile and motorcycle use, though bicycles still predominate; as often in developing countries, an associated rise in traffic deaths and injuries is occurring.
[27] Cycle rickshaws ("s") are an additional option often used by visitors.
Airports
The country has four commercial airports.
Phnom Penh International Airport in Phnom Penh, the main airport in Cambodia, is the largest.
Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport is the second largest and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airports are in
Sihanoukville and
Battambang.
International rankings
See also
References
1. Country-Studies.com. ''Country Studies Handbook''; information taken from US Dept of the Army. Accessed July 25, 2006.
2. Britannica.com. History of Cambodia. Accessed July 25, 2006.
3. A history of Cambodia (2nd ed.), , D.P., Chandler, Westview Press, ,
4. My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett, , Norodom, Sihanouk, Pantheon Books, ,
5. Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the destruction of Cambodia, , William, Shawcross, Cooper Square Press, , ISBN 0-8154-1224-X
6. Craig Etcheson, Documentation Centre of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/toll.htm
7. A figure of three million deaths between 1975 and 1979 was given by the Vietnamese-sponsored Phnom Penh regime, the PRK. Father Ponchaud suggested 2.3 million; the Yale Cambodian autogenocide Project estimates 1.7 million; Amnesty International estimated 1.4 million; and the United States Department of State, 1.2 million. Khieu Samphan and Pol Pot cited figures of 1 million and 800,000, respectively
8. CambodianGenocide.org.''A Brief History of the Cambodian Genocide''. Accessed July 25, 2006.
9. US Department of State. Country Profile of Cambodia. Accessed July 26, 2006.
10. UN OHCHR Cambodia
11. BBC Asia-Pacific News (September 19, 2005). ''Corruption dents Cambodia democracy''. Accessed July 24, 2006.
12. Reuters AlertNet (May 29, 2006). ''World Bank threatens mln Cambodia aid freeze''. Accessed July 24, 2006.
13. BBC News (29 May 2006). 'Corruption' curbs Cambodia cash. Accessed July 24, 2006.
14. Mondulkiri
15. Royal Government of Cambodia.Foreign Embassies.
16. Catharin E. Dalpino and David G. Timberman. "Cambodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy," ''Asia Society,'' March 26, 1998.
17. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the US Department of State.''Report to the Congress on the Anti-Thai Riots in Cambodia on January 29, 2003''.
18. CIA Factbook. GDP per Capita rankings. Accessed July 24, 2006.
19. CIA FactBook. Accessed September 9, 2006.
20. Royal Government of Cambodia.Tourist statistics. Accessed July 24, 2006.
21. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour of the US Department of State. ''International Religious Freedom Report 2005''. Accessed July 24, 2006.
22. UNICEF. "The Legacy of Landmines". Accessed July 25, 2006.
23. PBS.org (July 25, 2003). ''Cambodia Land Mines''. Accessed July 24, 2006.
24. Government of Cambodia Webpage, ''Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals''; accessed July 24, 2006
25.
26. CountryData.com
27. "Picking Up Speed: As Cambodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road ''Death Toll''," ''The Cambodia Daily'', Saturday, March 9–10, 2002."
★
Business in Asia report on airports. Accessed
13 November 2005
★
Cambodian Culture website Accessed
December 11 2004
★
Cambodian Economy Information Accessed
January 19 2005
★
CIA World Factbook U.S. Department of State website
★
Encyclopaedia Britannica's Cambodia Country Page
★ Fredenburg, P. and B. Hill. 2006. Sharing Rice for Peace and Prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Sid Harta Publishers, Victoria. ISBN 1-921206-08-X. pp271
★
IFES Summary of 2003 legislative election results. Accessed
January 27 2005
★ Jahn GC. 2006. The Dream is not yet over. In: P. Fredenburg P, Hill B, editors. Sharing rice for peace and prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Victoria, (Australia): Sid Harta Publishers. ISBN 1-921206-08-X. p 237–240
★ Jahn, GC 2007. Rice and life along the Mekong River.
Rice Today 6(2):4.
★ Kerlogue, Fiona ''Arts of Southeast Asia''. Thames and Hudson 2004. ISBN 0-500-20381-4
★
Ministry of Tourism statistics on tourism. Accessed
January 27 2005
★
NGO Forum on Cambodia report on 2003 legislative elections. Accessed
January 27 2005
★ Puckridge, D. 2004. The Burning of the Rice. Sid Harta Publishers, Victoria. ISBN 1-877059-73-0. pp326
★
Radio Broadcasting in Cambodia Accessed
January 23 2005
External links
'Official'
★
Cambodia Tourism Information
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King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk Official Website of former King Norodom Sihanouk
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Cambodia.gov.kh Official Royal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)
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Tourism Cambodia - The official site of Cambodia Tourism
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
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Cambodia e-Visa, Applying Travel Visa Online
'Overviews'
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CIA World Factbook - ''Cambodia''
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Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Cambodia
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Sharing Growth: Equity and Development in Cambodia - a report by the
World Bank, launched on
June 12,
2007 at the
Cambodia Development Cooperation Forum (CDCF)
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Cambodia Country Factsheet from The Common Language Project
★ Overview Article on Cambodia's Contemporary Political Economy:
"The Neoliberal 'Order' in Cambodia: Political Violence, Democracy, and the Contestation of Public Space" by Simon Springer, PhD Candidate, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
'Other'
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CMDGs - Cambodia
Millennium Development Goals
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Center For Khmer Studies
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