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'Execution by burning' has a long history as a method of punishment for crimes such as treason, heresy and witchcraft (burning, however, was actually less common than hanging, pressing, or drowning as a punishment for witchcraft). For a number of reasons, this method of execution fell into disfavor among governments in the late 18th century; today, it is considered cruel and unusual punishment. The particular form of execution by burning in which the condemned is bound to a large stake is more commonly called 'burning at the stake'.

Contents

Cause of death

Historical usage

Modern burnings

Portrayal in film

Notes

See also

Cause of death

If the fire was large (for instance, when a large number of prisoners were executed at the same time), death often came from the carbon monoxide poisoning before flames actually caused harm to the body. However, if the fire was small, the convict would burn for some time until death from heatstroke, loss of blood plasma, and shock. The typical depictions of burnings show that the executioner would arrange a pile of wood around the condemned's feet and calves, with supplementary small bundles of sticks and straw called ''faggots'' at strategic intervals up his/her body. Unless the authorities were particularly vindictive against a prisoner, family and friends could bring additional faggots and firecrackers to make the death less painful. It seems however, that these depictions may not be entirely representative of how such executions were normally carried out; some sources state that it was more normal for the stake to be at the centre of a large ring or pile of wood with a gap left for the condemned to be led to the stake. Once they were tied to the stake and the gap filled with wood, the condemned would be hidden from sight. The famous depiction of St Joan of Arc execution is factually incorrect in that it shows her atop a pile of wood and straw, whereas in fact she was burnt in the manner described.
When applied with skill, the prisoner's skin would burn progressively in the sequence: calves, thighs and hands, torso and forearms, breasts, upper chest, face; and then finally death. On other occasions, people died from suffocation with only their calves on fire. In many burnings a rope was attached to the convict's neck passing through a ring on the stake and they were simultaneously strangled and burnt. In later years in England, some burnings only took place after the convict had already hanged for a half-hour. In some Nordic and German burnings, convicts had containers of gunpowder tied to them or were tied to ladders and then swung into fully burning bonfires. A container of gunpowder tied at the neck might be used to bring about a quicker (and thus more merciful) death, since the condemned would suffer only until the gunpowder was heated enough to explode. Some prisoners refused this, which was just as well as gunpowder only explodes when it is held in a confined space, preferring to burn violently if the gaseous pressure is allowed to escape. Using this method would more often than not have resulted in more suffering for the condemned.

Historical usage

Perillos of Athens invented the Brazen bull, a hollow brass container where the condemned would be locked as a fire was set underneath. This would cause the metal to become red hot while the condemned slowly roasted to death. The bull was first used on Perillos, the bull's inventor though he was released by the Tyrant Phalaris, the device continued to be used through ancient Greece and Rome.
Burning was used as a means of execution in many ancient societies. According to ancient reports, Roman authorities executed many of the early Christian martyrs by burning, sometimes by means of the ''tunica molesta'', a flammable tunic. Civil authorities burned persons judged to be heretics under the Mediaeval Inquisition, including Giordano Bruno. Burning was also used by Protestants during the witch-hunts of Europe. During all these cases were reported wherein the condemned failed to be burnt, requiring decapitation.
Under the Byzantine Empire, burning was introduced as a punishment for disobedient Zoroastrians, because of the belief that they worshipped fire.
The Roman Emperor Justinian (r. 527-565) ordered death by fire, intestacy, and confiscation of all possessions by the State to be the punishment for heresy against the Catholic faith in his Codex Iustiniani (CJ 1.5.), ratifying the decrees of his predecessors the Emperors Arcadius and Flavius Augustus Honorius.
In 1184, the Synod of Verona legislated that burning was to be the official punishment for heresy. This decree was later reaffirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, the Synod of Toulouse in 1229, and numerous spiritual and secular leaders up through the 17th century.
Among the best-known individuals to be executed by burning were Jacques de Molay (1314), Jan Hus (1415), St Joan of Arc (May 30, 1431), Patrick Hamilton (1528), William Tyndale (1536), Michael Servetus (1553), Giordano Bruno (1600), and Avvakum (1682). Anglican martyrs Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley (both in 1555), and Thomas Cranmer (1556) were also burned at the stake.

In the United Kingdom, the traditional punishment for women found guilty of treason was to be burnt at the stake, while men were hanged, drawn and quartered. There were two types of treason, high treason for crimes against the Sovereign, and petty treason for the murder of one's lawful superior, including that of a husband by his wife. In 1790, Sir Benjamin Hammett introduced a bill into Parliament to end what is now widely considered a barbaric practice. He explained that the year before as Sheriff of London he had been responsible for the burning of Catherine Murphy, found guilty of counterfeiting, but that he had allowed her to be hanged first. He pointed out that as the law stood, he himself could have been found guilty of a crime in not carrying out the lawful punishment and, as no woman had been burnt alive in the kingdom for over fifty years, so could all those still alive who had held an official position at all of the previous burnings. The act was duly passed by Parliament and given royal assent by King George III (30 George III. C. 48).^[1]
This method of execution is mostly associated with witches. While this punishment was indeed used throughout Europe to dispatch convicted "witches," the punishment was not applied to witches in England (although combined with strangulation, it was used in Scotland).

Modern burnings

Modern day burnings still occur, mostly in Africa. This is often done via a method called necklacing where rubber tires are placed around a live individual who is then doused with kerosene or, more usually, petrol. The kerosene is then ignited and the condemned burns to death. Necklacing is typically extrajudicial and performed by locals rather than authorities.
According to a former Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate officer writing under the alias Victor Suvorov, at least one Soviet traitor was burned alive in a crematorium.^[2]

Portrayal in film

''The Last of the Mohicans'' features a British Redcoat being burned at the stake by a Huron tribe, while the more recent ''Silent Hill'' has a female police officer consumed by flames while tied to a ladder. The latter makes use of computer graphics, while the former does not. ''Elizabeth'' also used computer graphics to enhance the opening scene where three Protestants are burnt at the stake. In the film adaptation of Umberto Eco's ''The Name of the Rose'', the innocent simpleton Salvatore (Ron Perlman) is seen to die horribly, burnt at the stake. The fate is also suffered by Oliver Reed's less innocent character in Ken Russell's ''The Devils''. The film ''The Seventh Seal'' shows a woman about to be burnt at the stake. Dreyer's ''La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc'' (''The Passion of Joan of Arc''), though made in the late 1920s (and therefore without the assistance of computer graphics), includes a relatively graphic and realistic treatment of Jeanne's execution. Of course, nearly all other film versions of the story of Joan show her death at the stake — some more graphically than others. Execution by burning also features in the 1973 film The Wicker Man.

Notes

1. Burning at the stake
2. Suworow, Viktor. ''GRU – Die Speerspitze: Was der KGB für die Polit-Führung, ist die GRU für die Rote Armee.'' 3., korr. Aufl. Solingen: Barett, 1995. ISBN 3-924753-18-0.

See also

★ Brazen bull

★ List of burned heretics

★ Witchcraft

★ Witchhunt

★ Necklacing

★ Moral panic

★ Old Testament

★ Auto de fe