Discover

In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word 'building' may refer to one of the following:
# Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or
# An act of construction.
To differentiate ''buildings'' and other structures that are ''not'' intended for continuous human occupancy, the latter are called 'nonbuilding structures'. Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included.

Contents

Concept

History

Types

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Residential

Multi-story

Creation

Building ownership and funding

Planning and design

Construction

Operation

Building services

Conveying systems

See also

References

Concept

Buildings serve several needs of society.
Along with access to food and drinking water, the need for places that are protected from the outdoors and where one can comfortably live, work, eat, sleep, procreate or engage in leisurely activities has always been a top priority for humans. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat into the ''inside'' (a place of comfort and safety) and the ''outside'' (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).
Humans have a remarkable drive to reflect on their lives and express themselves through art.^[1] Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have become objects of artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has increased in the U.S.

History

The first artificial shelter on Earth is believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an ancient ancestor of humans, Homo erectus.Over centuries, homes were technologically advancing. Some were simply inhabited caves, while others were made of dried mud or stone. In these times, there were little furnishings in these homes, besides perhaps a family altar or a table for eating.
^[2]
Before the invention of the passenger elevator, few buildings were higher than five stories. In the New World, the Anasazi built three- and four-story towers in the 12th and 13th centuries AD.
When Elisha Otis invented the passenger elevator, buildings could be built much higher. Today, the Sears Tower has 108 stories.

Types

Main articles: List of building types

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Commercial buildings are for business use, e.g., for offices and sales. Industrial buildings include manufacturing and warehousing functions, for example. Institutional buildings, such as governmental and military hospitals, colleges, and administration buildings are normally built for longer lives.

Residential

Residential buildings are called houses. Single family and multi-family dwellings are typically built as shelter and living space. These building types may range from one-room wood-framed, masonry, or adobe dwellings to multi-million dollar high-rise buildings able to house thousands of people. The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise residential building is being debated, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.

Multi-story

A multi-story building (American English, Multi-storey Building British English) is a building that has multiple floors (stories (storeys in British)) above ground in the building.
Multi-story buildings aim to increase the area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases, money (depending on material used and land prices in the area, of course).

Creation

The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is normally a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:

★ A real estate developer who secures funding for the project;

★ One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding

★ Local planning and code authorities

★ A Land Surveyor who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;

★ Construction managers who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;

★ Licensed architects and engineers who provide building design and prepare construction documents;

★ Landscape architects;

★ Interior designers;

★ Other consultants;

★ Contractors who provide construction services and install building systems such as climate control, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, security and telecommunications;

★ Marketing or leasing agents;

★ Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.
Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances, building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.
Vehicles—such as trailers, caravans, ships and passenger aircraft—are treated as "buildings" for life safety purposes.

Building ownership and funding

★ Real estate developer

★ Mortgage

★ Mortgage loan

Planning and design

★ Urban planning

★ Site planning

★ Architectural design

★ Civil engineering

★ Structural engineering

★ Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing design

★ Landscape design

★ Urban design

★ Quantity surveying

★ Project management in the building process chain

Construction

Main articles: Building construction


★ Construction management

★ Site construction

Operation

Main articles: Facility management

Building services

Conveying systems

Systems for transport of people within buildings:

★ Elevator

★ Escalator

★ Moving sidewalk (horizontal and inclined)
Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:

★ Skyway

★ Underground city

See also

★ Architecture

★ Architectural structure

★ Autonomous building

★ Builders' rites

★ Building material

★ Construction

★ Cost overrun

★ Fire protection

★ Green building

★ Hurricane proof building

★ Megaproject

★ Occupancy

★ List of building types

★ Famous buildings

★ Natural building

★ Natural disaster and earthquake

★ Nonbuilding structure

★ Skyscrapers

References

1. Holm, Ivar (2006). ''Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment''. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 8254701741.
2. World's oldest building discovered