BROWN UNIVERSITY

'Brown University' is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island. Founded in 1764 as Rhode Island College, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in New England and the seventh-oldest in the United States. It is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution and reviewed in the 1907 edition of ''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature''. Pembroke College, Brown University's all women's college, merged with The College, in 1971.
Brown was the first college in the nation to accept students regardless of religious affiliations. The University is home to the only undergraduate Egyptology department in the United States, founded by Richard Anthony Parker in 1948. The school also has the oldest undergraduate engineering program in the Ivy League (1847) and the only History of Mathematics department in the world (housed in the same building as Egyptology).
The Brown "New Curriculum," instituted in 1969, eliminates distribution requirements and mandatory A/B/C grades (allowing any course to be taken on a "satisfactory/no credit" basis). Moreover, there are no pluses (+) or minuses (-) in the grading system.
Since 2001, Brown's current and 18th president has been Ruth J. Simmons, the first African American president and second female president of an Ivy League institution, as well as the first permanent female president of Brown.
The school colors are seal brown, cardinal red, and white. Brown's mascot is the bear^[2] and the sports teams are called the Brown Bears. The costumed bear mascot named "Bruno" makes appearances at athletic games. The use of a bear as the University's mascot dates back to 1904. People associated with the University are known as Brunonians or, in informal tone or jocularity, Brownies.

Academics

Brown University seal as a detail on a university building.

Admission to Brown is extremely competitive, with an overall admissions rate of 13.8% for the class of 2010.^[3] The class of 2011 has an admittance rate of 13.5%. The regular decision acceptance rate for the Class of 2010 was 12.6%, and the regular decision acceptance rate of the Class of 2011 was 12.3%.^[4]^[5]
More than one-third of the members of the Class of 2010 scored above 750 on the verbal or math sections of the SAT I: Reasoning Test.^[6] Approximately 15 percent of the students in the Class of 2010 graduated number one or number two in their high school classes. Students come from all 50 states, as well as 65 countries.^[6]
Brown's financial aid program awards approximately $70 million each year in the form of scholarships, jobs, and loans. Over 50% of students receive some form of financial aid.
In the 2008 ''U.S. News & World Report'' college rankings, Brown ranked fourteenth in the nation among "National Universities". In 1995, ''US News & World Report'' ranked Brown second in excellence in undergraduate teaching.^[8]
Furthermore, according to the Revealed Preference Ranking, Brown ranks seventh in the country. This means that, when top students have the choice to attend all of the leading schools, Brown is seventh on their list. Brown ranks fifth when the Revealed Preference Ranking method focuses on students interested in humanities and social studies. A notable fact is that Brown ranks ahead of all the Ivy League schools other than Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. ^[9]
According to a 2006 Princeton Review survey of colleges, Brown is the fourth most selective college in America, and Brown's students are the happiest. The 2007 Princeton Review survey yields the exact same rankings.
92 to 95% of Brown students are admitted to one of their top three law school choices. For business schools, the figure is nearly 100%. Finally, Brown consistently ranks in the top 5 colleges in the country in terms of the percentage of students accepted into medical school. ^[10]

History

The founding of Brown

In 1763, James Manning, a Baptist minister, was sent to Rhode Island by the Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches in order to found a college. At the same time, local Congregationalists, led by Ezra Stiles, were working toward a similar end. On March 3, 1764, a charter was filed to create Rhode Island College in Warren, Rhode Island, reflecting the work of both Stiles and Manning.
The charter had more than sixty signatories, including John and Nicholas Brown of the Brown family, who would give the College its present day name. The college's mission, the charter stated, was to prepare students "for discharging the Offices of Life" by providing instruction "in the Vernacular Learned Languages, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences."^[11] The charter's language has long been interpreted by the university as discouraging the founding of a business school or law school. Brown continues to be one of only two Ivy League colleges with neither a business school nor a law school (the other being Princeton).
The charter required that the makeup of the board of thirty-six trustees include twenty-two Baptists, five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians, and by twelve Fellows, of whom eight, including the President, should be Baptists "and the rest indifferently of any or all denominations." It specified that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." One of the Baptist founders, John Gano, had also been the founding minister of the First Baptist Church in the City of New York. The Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition remarks that "At the time it was framed the charter was considered extraordinarily liberal" and that "the government has always been largely non-sectarian in spirit."^[12]
James Manning, the minister sent to Rhode Island by the Baptists, was sworn in as the College's first president in 1765. Rhode Island College moved to its present location on College Hill, in the East Side of Providence, in 1770 and construction of the first building, The College Edifice, began. This building was renamed University Hall in 1823. The Brown family — Nicholas, John, Joseph and Moses — were instrumental in the move to Providence, funding and organizing much of the construction of the new buildings. The family's connection with the college was strong: Joseph Brown became a professor of Physics at the University and John Brown, served as treasurer from 1775 to 1796. In 1804, a year after John Brown's death, the University was renamed Brown University in honor of John's nephew, Nicholas Brown, Jr., who was a member of the class of 1786 and contributed $5,000 (which, adjusted for inflation, is approximately $61,000 in 2005, though it was 1,000 times the roughly $5 tuition) toward an endowed professorship. In 1904, the John Carter Brown Library was opened as an independent historical and cultural research center based around the libraries of John Carter Brown and John Nicholas Brown.
The Brown family was involved in various business ventures in Rhode Island, including the slave trade; the family itself was divided on the issue. John Brown had unapologetically defended slavery, while Moses Brown and Nicholas Brown Jr. were fervent abolitionists. In recognition of this history, the University established the University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice in 2003.^[13]
Brown began to admit women when it established a Women's College in 1891, which was later named Pembroke College. "The College" (the undergraduate school) merged with Pembroke College in 1971 and became co-educational.

The American Revolution

Stephen Hopkins, Chief Justice and Governor of colonial Rhode Island, was later a Delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754 and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He was a signatory to the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the state of Rhode Island. He also served as the first chancellor of Brown (at the time called Rhode Island College) from 1764 to 1785. His house is a minor historical site, located just off the main quadrangle at Brown.
James Manning was also a delegate for Rhode Island to the Continental Congress in 1786.
In 1781, allied American and French armies under the command of General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau, who led troops sent by King Louis XVI of France, embarked on a 600-mile march from Rhode Island to Virginia, where they fought and defeated British forces sent by King George III of the United Kingdom on the Yorktown, Virginia peninsula. The victory ended the major battles of the American Revolutionary War. Prior to the march, Brown University served as an encampment site for French troops, and the College Edifice, now University Hall, was turned into a military hospital.[4]

The New Curriculum

Brown adopted the New Curriculum in 1969, marking a major change in the University's institutional history. The curriculum was the result of a paper written by Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell, "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University." The paper came out of a year-long Group Independent Studies Project (GISP) involving 80 students and 15 professors. The group was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially San Francisco State College, and sought ways to improve education for students at Brown. The philosophy they formed was based on the principle that "the individual who is being educated is the center of the educational process." In 1850, Brown President Francis Wayland wrote: "The various courses should be so arranged that, insofar as practicable, every student might study what he chose, all that he chose, and nothing but what he chose."
The paper made a number of suggestions for improving education at Brown, including a new kind of interdisciplinary freshman course that would introduce new modes of inquiry and bring faculty from different fields together. Their goal was to transform the survey course, which traditionally sought to cover a large amount of basic material, into specialized courses that would introduce the important modes of inquiry used in different disciplines.
The New Curriculum that came out of the working paper was significantly different from the paper itself. Its key features were:

★ Modes of Thought courses aimed at first-year students

★ Interdisciplinary University courses

★ Students could elect to take any course Satisfactory/No Credit

★ Distribution requirements were dropped

★ The University simplified grades to ABC/No Credit, eliminating pluses, minuses and D's. Furthermore, "No Credit" would not appear on external transcripts.
Except for the Modes of Thought courses, a key component of the reforms which have been discontinued, these elements of the New Curriculum are still in place.
Additionally, due to the school's proximity and close partnership with the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Brown students have the ability to take up to four courses at RISD and have the credit count towards a Brown degree. Likewise, RISD students can also take courses at Brown. Since the two campuses are effectively adjacent to each other, the two institutions often partner to provide both student bodies with services (such as the local Brown/RISD after-hours and downtown transportation shuttles). A joint degree program has been announced which would allow students to pursue an A.B. degree at Brown and a B.F.A. degree at RISD simultaneously, taking five years to complete this course of study.^[14]
Recently, there has been some debate on reintroducing plus/minus grading to the curriculum. Advocates argue that adding pluses and minuses would reduce grade inflation and allow professors to give more specific grades, while critics say that this plan would have no effect on grade inflation while increasing unnecessary competition among students and violating the principle of the New Curriculum.
The University is currently in the process of broadening and expanding its curricular offerings as part of the "Plan for Academic Enrichment." The number of faculty has been greatly expanded. Seminars aimed at freshmen have begun to be offered widely by most departments.
As a part of the re-accreditation process, Brown University is undergoing an expansive reevaluation of its undergraduate education offerings through the newly appointed Task Force on Undergraduate Education. This Task Force is charged with assessing the areas of general education, concentrations, advising, and pedagogy and assessment ^[15].

Brown, the Ivy League and slavery

In 2003, 18th Brown University President Ruth J. Simmons^[16] appointed the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice^[17], which included Brown faculty members, undergraduate and graduate students and University administrators. This Brown Steering Committee^[18] produced the first ever internally produced Ivy League^[19] report regarding the commercial ties between the origins of one of the Ivy League institutions and the Triangular Trade in slaves taken from various regions in Africa. The Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice is a historic first for the Ivy League which comprises several member universities whose currently unexamined initial financial endowments were financed in some measure by wealth accumulated through the Triangular Trade. The carefully researched report offers several recommendations for Brown which are addressed in the official University response.
The Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice also offers a wealth of historical records and teaching materials^[20] available to the public worldwide regarding an important period in the history of the Ivy League, pre-Revolutionary New England and Triangular Trade contributions to the ascendance of Great Britain's leading universities, including the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, prior to the 1807 Act of Parliament which outlawed the use of British ships in any aspect of the slave trade. St. John's College, Cambridge has received funding to conduct inquiries similar to those led by the Brown Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice but naturally focused on the benefits flowing from the Triangular Trade which accrued to the British Empire and the United Kingdom's most prestigious institutions of learning, including those of Oxbridge.[5] As part of the commemoration of the Bicentenary of the Act of 1807 at Cambridge, President Simmons gave a public lecture at St. John's College entitled "Hidden in Plain Sight: Slavery and Justice in Rhode Island."[6]
The records are maintained by the Center for Digital Initiatives at Brown[7].
As one feature of the official February 2007 Response of Brown University to the Report of the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice, President Simmons announced Brown's decision to create a U.S.$10 Million Endowment (£5,043,100.00; €7,400,000.00; ¥1,192,950,000.00) intended to benefit public schools in Providence, Rhode Island in part by funding graduate fellowships in urban education. This initiative echoes recommendations of former Brown University president Vartan Gregorian who suggested in several public addresses that the best remedy for the United States in its efforts to address the legacies of slavery and racial discrimination was to redouble commitments to K-12 education nationally. In that spirit, Dr. Simmons noted: “Lack of access to a good education, particularly for urban schoolchildren, is one of the most pervasive and pernicious social problems of our time. Colleges and universities are uniquely able to improve the quality of urban schools. Brown is committed to undertaking that work.”[8]
Brown's response to the Report of the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice was published in the year marking the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade by the British Empire following a lengthy campaign by the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and the successor Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, as reported by the Oxford Today magazine and presented at Rhodes House in Oxford.[9]

Organization

Brown University's Science Library

The College and Graduate School

The College and the Graduate School are by far the largest parts of the school, spanning 100 undergraduate concentrations (majors), over 50 graduate school programs, and offering around 2,000 courses each year. The most popular undergraduate concentrations are Biology, History, and International Relations.^[21] Brown is one of the few schools in the United States with a major in Egyptology available and the only school in the world with a History of Math major. Undergraduates can also design an independent concentration if the existing standard programs do not fit their interests.

The Watson Institute for International Studies

The Watson Institute for International Studies, usually referred to as the Watson Institute, is a center for the analysis of international issues at Brown University. Its original benefactor was Thomas J. Watson, Jr., former Ambassador to the Soviet Union and president of IBM. The Watson Institute is currently led by Dr. Barbara Stallings.

The Warren Alpert Medical School

Main articles: Brown Medical School

The University's medical program started in 1811, but the school was suspended by President Wayland in 1827 after the program's faculty declined to live on campus (a new requirement under Wayland). In 1975, the first M.D. degrees from the new Program in Medicine were awarded to a graduating class of 58 students. In 1984, Brown endorsed an eight-year medical program called the Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME). The majority of openings for the first-year medical school class are reserved for PLME students. Each year, approximately 60 students matriculate into the PLME out of an applicant pool of about 1,600. In 1991, the school was officially renamed the Brown University School of Medicine, then renamed once more as simply "Brown Medical School" in October 2000.^[22]
In addition, Brown offered a joint program with Dartmouth Medical School called the Brown-Dartmouth Medical Program. Approximately 15 students at Dartmouth Medical School enrolled in the program annually, spending the first two basic medical science years at Dartmouth and the next two years in clinical education at Brown, where they received their M.D. degree. The Brown-Dartmouth program accepted its final class in the fall of 2006, their respective deans stating that the institutions desired to move in their own directions.
Several other admission pathways exist. The Early Identification Program (EIP) encourages Rhode Island residents to pursue careers in medicine by recruiting sophomores from Providence College, Rhode Island College, the University of Rhode Island, and Tougaloo College to BMS. In 2004, the school once again began to accept applications via the "standard route", from pre-medical students at any college or university. For the Class of 2009, nine students were accepted via this route.
Combined degree programs leading to the M.D./Ph.D. or M.D./M.P.H. degrees are also offered.
In January 2007, self-made entrepreneur Warren Alpert, having made previous contributions to Harvard Medical School and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, donated the sum of $100 million to Brown Medical School on behalf of the Warren Alpert Foundation, tying Sidney Frank for the largest single monetary contribution ever made to the University. In recognition of the gift, the faculty of Brown University approved changing the name of the Brown Medical School to The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University. The funds are expected to contribute to the construction of a new, exclusive medical school building, medical student scholarships (through the Warren Alpert Scholars Program), support for biomedical research and faculty recruitment, and new endowed professorships.^[23]
The current dean of the Brown Medical School is Eli Y. Adashi, M.D.

Presidents of Brown University

	President	Brown Class	Life	Tenure	Events
1.	James Manning	-	1738-1791	1765-1791	Rhode Island College established
2.	Jonathan Maxcy^[24]	1787	1768-1820	1792-1802
3.	Asa Messer^[25]	1790	1769-1836	1802-1826	Renamed as Brown University; first Medical School founded
4.	Francis Wayland	-	1796-1865	1827-1855	Med School Suspended
5.	Barnas Sears	1825	1802-1880	1855-1867
6.	Alexis Caswell	1822	1799-1877	1868-1872
7.	Ezekiel Gilman Robinson^[26]	1838	1815-1894	1872-1889	Graduate study instituted
8.	Elisha Benjamin Andrews	1870	1844-1917	1889-1898	Women's College founded
9.	William H.P. Faunce^[27]	1880	1859-1930	1899-1929	Women's College renamed to Pembroke College
10.	Clarence Augustus Barbour	1888	1867-1937	1929-1937	Last of long line of Baptist minister Presidents
11.	Henry M. Wriston	-	1889-1978	1937-1955
12.	Barnaby C. Keeney	-	1914-1980	1955-1966
13.	Ray L. Heffner^[28]	-	1925-	1966-1969	New Curriculum passed
14.	Donald F. Hornig^[29]	-	1920-	1970-1976	Pembroke merged with Brown, Medical School founded
15.	Howard R. Swearer	-	1932-1991	1977-1988
16.	Vartan Gregorian	-	1934-	1989-1997
17.	E. Gordon Gee	-	1944-	1998-2000
18.	Ruth J. Simmons	-	1945-	2001-

Campus

Brown is the largest institutional landowner in Providence with property in the East Side and the Jewelry District. Brown's main campus is located atop College Hill, in the East Side, across the Providence River from downtown Providence. The main campus consists of 235 buildings and covers 143 acres. The East Side is home to the largest remaining collection of historic colonial homes in the country. The College Hill Historic District is designated on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, six of Brown's buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Corliss-Brackett House, Gardner House, Hoppin House, Ladd Observatory, Nightingale-Brown House, and University Hall which was at least partially built by slave labor.^[30] The last two are also designated as National Historic Landmarks. Adjacent to Brown's main campus, and further down the Hill to the west by the Providence River, is the campus of the Rhode Island School of Design. Thayer Street, which runs through Brown's campus, is a commercial district that hosts many restaurants and shops popular with students and faculty from Brown and RISD. Also on the Hill, but further to the south and away from the main campus area, is Wickenden Street, another commercial district offering restaurants and shops. Brown Stadium, built in 1925 and home to the football team, is located approximately a mile to the northeast of the main campus. More recently, Brown has expanded into the Jewelry District, located in southern downtown Providence, by acquiring and renovating five buildings to serve as administrative and research facilities. Outside of Providence, Brown also owns a 376-acre property, the Mount Hope Grant, in Bristol, which is the setting of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology.

Boldly Brown

Under President Ruth Simmons, the University has launched a Campaign for Academic Enrichment. This campaign consists of re-evaluating the existing curriculum and raising $1.4 billion for greater academic ambition. The money will be used for academic programs, research, new facilities, biology and medicine, students who need financial assistance, and expanding the faculty and staff. Currently, $1.034 billion has been raised. ^[31]
Some ongoing projects: [10]

★ The Sidney E. Frank Life Sciences Hall (completed Fall 2006)

★ The Warren Alpert Medical School (in planning stages)

★ The relocation and renovation of the Peter Green House (ongoing) ^[32]

★ Construction of the new Walk to connect Lincoln Field with the Pembroke Campus (ongoing; completion by 2009)

★ A new Campus Center by renovating Wilson Lab (construction scheduled for Fall 2007)

★ Renovation of Faunce House (construction scheduled for Fall 2008)

★ The Nelson Fitness Center (will be completed by 2010)

★ A new swim center (will be completed by 2010)

Student life

Atmosphere

Princeton Review ranks Brown first among all American colleges for "happiest students."^[33] Brown was recently named "the most fashionable school in the Ivy League" by the fashion trade journal ''Women's Wear Daily'' on the basis that students on campus seem to have the strongest sense of personal style.^[34]

Nightlife

Brown is home to an active on-campus nightlife. A wide array of parties take place on the weekends, most of them in dorms and off-campus houses. Greek life is restricted to about 10% of the Brown student body, though it does take the spotlight during the annual Spring Weekend. Some parties, such as SexPowerGod and Starf
★ ck, are annual occurrences. Both parties had to be massively scaled back, however, after Bill O'Reilly sent a clothed cameraman into SexPowerGod in Fall 2005 and aired footage of the party on his show, ''The O'Reilly Factor''.

Athletics

Brown Bears logo

Brown is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Ivy League athletic conference. It sponsors 37 varsity intercollegiate teams. Its athletics program has been featured in the College Sports Honor Roll as one of the top 20 athletic programs in the country according to U.S. News & World Report. Brown Women's Rowing Team has won 5 national titles in the last 11 years and Brown Football won the 2005 Ivy League Championships. Brown's Men's Soccer program is consistently ranked in the top 25, has won 18 Ivy League titles overall, and 8 of the last 12 - recent graduates play professionally in Major League Soccer and overseas. Brown's Varsity Equestrian team won the Ivy League Championships for the past two years in a row, and has consistently performed extremely well within the team's zone and region.^[35] Brown also features several competitive intercollegiate club sports, including its nationally ranked sailing, Taekwondo and Ultimate teams. In 2005, the men's ultimate team, Brownian Motion, won the national championship, and the football team won its first-ever outright Ivy League title. Brown's table tennis team finished in first place and were undefeated in the New England division of National College Table Tennis Association (NCTTA) in the 2006-2007 season and earned a spot in the National competition. In 2007, Brown won its first Ivy League baseball championship in school history.

Student groups

There are approximately 240 registered student organizations on campus with diverse interests. The Student Activities Fair, during the orientation program, is an opportunity for first-years to become acquainted with the wide range of clubs.

Residential / Greek

12.7% of Brown students are in fraternities or sororities. There are eleven residential Greek houses: six all-male fraternities (Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Tau, Delta Phi, Theta Delta Chi, Sigma Chi, and Phi Kappa Psi), two sororities (Alpha Chi Omega and Kappa Alpha Theta), one co-ed literary fraternity (St. Anthony Hall), one co-ed fraternity (Zeta Delta Xi), and one co-ed literary society (Alpha Delta Phi). All recognized Greek letter organizations live on-campus in University-owned dorm housing. Ten of the houses are overseen by the Greek Council and are located on Wriston Quadrangle. St. Anthony Hall, a co-ed fraternity that does not participate in Greek Council, is located in King House.
An alternative to fraternity life at Brown are the program houses, which are organized around various themes. As with Greek houses, the existing residents of each house take applications from students, usually at the start of the Spring semester. Examples of program houses include: Buxton International House, the Machado French/Spanish House, Art House, Technology House, Harambee House, Culinary Arts (Cooking) House, West House and Interfaith House.
Currently, there are three student cooperative houses at Brown. Two of the houses, Watermyn and Finlandia on Waterman Street, are owned by the Brown Association for Cooperative Housing (BACH), an independent non-profit corporation owned and operated by house members. The third co-op, West House, is located in a Brown-owned house on Brown Street. All three houses also run a vegetarian food co-op for residents and non-residents.

Secret societies

As at most other Ivies, secret societies have existed at Brown since the mid-18th century. They originated as literary clubs and organized disputes among their members, a forensic tradition that continues today in the Brown Debating Union. The first known literary society was Athenian at Queen's, founded in 1776, but this group disbanded by the mid-1780s. The Philermenian Society (founded as the Misokosmian Society) arose in 1794.^[36] In reaction to the Federalist Philermenians, a Democratic-Republican society called the United Brothers Society was formed in 1806.^[37] In 1824 a third society, the Franklin Society, was formally recognized by the university president, and counted as honorary members Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay.^[38] All of these societies had libraries and meeting rooms on the top floor of Hope College, and few written documents were preserved in order to protect against inter-society espionage. However, by the mid-19th century, these organizations had diminished on account of the growth in the number of Greek letter fraternities.^[39]

Traditions

Though the early history of Brown as a men's school includes a number of unusual hazing traditions, the University's present-day traditions tend to be non-violent while maintaining the spirit of zaniness.^[40]

Van Wickle Gates

The Van Wickle Gates, dedicated on June 18, 1901, have a pair of center gates and a smaller gate on each side. The side gates remain open throughout the year, while the center gates remain closed except for two occasions each year. At the beginning of the academic year, the center gates open inward to admit students during Convocation. At the end of the second semester, the gates open outward for the Commencement Day procession.^[41] A traditional superstition is that students who pass through the gates for a second time before graduation do not graduate. Undergraduate members of the Brown Band who must pass through the gates during the Commencement ceremonies walk through it backwards. Formerly, the graduation superstition only applied to male students, as female students had their own fear of never marrying. Similar superstitions apply to the Pembroke seal on the stone steps leading to the Pembroke quad from Meeting Street, a holdover from when Pembroke College was a separate college for women. Another traditional superstition is that students rub the nose of the statue of John Hay in the John Hay Library for good luck on exams, a superstition that has been in effect since around 1910, resulting in a very shiny nose.^[42]

Josiah S. Carberry

Main articles: Josiah S. Carberry

One of Brown's most notable traditions is keeping alive the spirit and accomplishments of Josiah S. Carberry, the fictional Professor of Psychoceramics (the equally fictional study of cracked pots), who was born on a University Hall billboard in 1929. He is the namesake of "Josiah's", a University-run snackbar. "Josiah" is also the name of the University's electronic library catalog.
According to ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana, "on Friday, May 13, 1955, an anonymous gift of $101.01 was received by the University from Professor Carberry to establish the Josiah S. Carberry Fund in memory of his 'future late wife.' A condition of the gift was that, henceforth, every Friday the 13th would be designated 'Carberry Day,' and on that day friends of the University would deposit their loose change in brown jugs to augment the fund, which is used to purchase 'such books as Professor Carberry might or might not approve of.'" Students have followed this tradition ever since, and the fund currently has over $10,000 in it.^[42]
"Professor Carberry has been the subject of articles in a number of periodicals, including the ''New York Times'', which proclaimed him 'The World’s Greatest Traveler' on the front page of its Sunday travel section in 1974, and in ''Yankee'' magazine, where he was 'The Absent-Bodied Professor' in 1975. A recent honor which came to Professor Carberry was the award to him of an Ig Nobel Prize at the First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony in 1991. At this event sponsored by M.I.T. and the ''Journal of Irreproducible Results'', Carberry, the 1991 Ig Nobel Interdisciplinary Research Prize laureate, was cited as 'bold explorer and eclectic seeker of knowledge, for his pioneering work in the field of psychoceramics, the study of cracked pots.'"^[44]

Spring Weekend

Starting in 1950, Brown replaced the traditional Junior Week and Junior Prom, which were discontinued during World War II, with Spring Weekend, which featured athletic contests and dances. Concerts featuring invited performers began in 1960.^[45] In the past, it has brought in acts such as Ray Charles (1962, 1970), The Isley Brothers (1963), Bob Dylan (1964, 1997), The Coasters (1964), Ella Fitzgerald (1965), Bo Diddley (1965, 1997), The Shirelles (1965), The (Young) Rascals (1967), The Yardbirds (1968), Dizzy Gillespie (1968), James Brown (1968), Smokey Robinson (1969), Janis Joplin (1969), Bonnie Raitt (1972, 1978), Ike and Tina Turner (1972), Blue Öyster Cult (1972), Phil Ochs (1974), Bruce Springsteen (1974), Charles Mingus (1977), U2 (1983), R.E.M. (1985), Afrika Bambaata (1985), Elvis Costello (1987), A Tribe Called Quest (1992), De La Soul (1992), Violent Femmes (1994, 2001), Buddy Guy (1994), George Clinton (1996), Coolio (1996), The Fugees (1996), Rakim (1998), Sonic Youth (1998), Yo La Tengo (1998), Busta Rhymes (1999), and Wyclef Jean (2000). Recent acts include They Might Be Giants (2001), Ben Harper (2001), Jurassic 5 (2001, 2004), The Get Up Kids (2002), The Roots (2002), Joan Jett and the Blackhearts (2003), The Wallflowers (2003), Béla Fleck and the Flecktones (2004), Ben Folds (2005), Howie Day (2005), The Shins (2005), and Talib Kweli (2005).^[46] The Spring Weekend 2006 lineup included headliners Wilco and Common, as well as openers Ted Leo & the Pharmacists, OK Go, Yerba Buena, and Edan.^[47]
The musical acts for Spring Weekend 2007 were The Roots, The Flaming Lips, Yo La Tengo, Mission of Burma, and Soulive.

Modern campus traditions

Naked donut run

At the end of each semester, towards the end of the Reading Period that precedes exams, various student groups walk naked through student libraries such as the Rock, the SciLi, and the CIT and offer donuts to students who are studying.^[48]^[49]

Naked party

Every fall, the Brown Association for Cooperative Housing (BACH) throws an invitation-only "naked party" where all guests remove their clothes upon entry. The hosts aim to create a comfortable setting where people of all body types can celebrate the naked human body. In contrast to the sexually suggestive dancing that can be found at many college parties, dancing at a "naked party" is paradoxically much more tame and devoid of physical contact.^[50]^[51]

SexPowerGod

SexPowerGod is an annual Fall party, thrown by the Brown Queer Alliance in the university's Sayles Hall, though in 2006 the venue changed to Alumnae Hall.
SexPowerGod, while drawing a large segment of Brown and RISD's heterosexual population, also draws a large gay crowd from a number of other New England universities.
The event is promoted across campus with an often controversial poster and flyer campaign. The posters took on a more graphic feel in 2004, depicting sex acts and BDSM. Publicity featured actual Brown students for the first time the next year.^[52] Tickets are sold for about $10; however, the event usually sells out, leading to resale among students for as much as $100. The first set of tickets for 2005 was sold out in ten minutes, a line of nearly 200 people remaining. Admittance to the event is limited by the 590-person capacity of Sayles Hall. Until 2005, tickets came as temporary tattoos that were applied on the body. In 2005, some clever students gained admittance to the party with fake tickets, made from scanned tattoos printed on mailing labels. Since the 2005 debacle, the tickets have been replaced by a guest list to avoid fake tickets and resale of tickets.
One source of SexPowerGod's fame and notoriety is its unique use of multimedia. Traditionally, partiers have been provided with identifying numbers upon entry, and a large projector screen publicly relays messages by number, typically comments on costumes and propositions for sex. This system has been absent since 2004.
On November 14, 2005, SexPowerGod was featured on Bill O'Reilly's nationally televised, Fox News show The O'Reilly Factor. Jesse Watters, a producer of the show, gained admission to the November 12 party and shot footage of the attendees.The following day, O'Reilly talked about the party on his radio show, The Radio Factor, saying, "You would have been safer in Baghdad than on the campus of Brown University," and calling Brown president Ruth Simmons and other university leaders "pinheads." On campus, student reaction to the broadcast was generally marked by outrage mingled with pride.^[53]

Brown songs

Alma Mater

The "Alma Mater" was written by James Andrews DeWolf (Class of 1861) in 1860, who named it "Old Brown" and set it to the tune of "Araby's Daughter" (which was later known as "The Old Oaken Bucket"). The song was renamed "Alma Mater", after the incipit, in 1869.^[54] It is sung and played after varsity athletic victories and at formal events such as Convocation and Commencement.
::Alma Mater! we hail thee with loyal devotion,
::And bring to thine altar our off'ring of praise;
::Our hearts swell within us, with joyful emotion,
::As the name of old Brown in loud chorus we raise.
::The happiest moments of youth's fleeting hours,
::We've passed, 'neath the shade of these time-honored walls,
::And sorrows as transient as April's brief showers
::Have clouded our life in Brunonia's halls.
::And when we depart from thy friendly protection,
::And boldly launch out upon life's stormy main,
::We'll oft look behind us, with grateful affection,
::And live our bright college days over again.
::When from youth we have journeyed to manhood's high station,
::And hopeful young scions around us have grown,
::We'll send them, with love and deep veneration,
::As pilgrims devout, to the shrine of Old Brown.
::And when life's golden autumn with winter is blending,
::And brows, now so radiant, are furrowed by care;
::When the blightings of age on our heads are descending.
::With no early friends all our sorrows to share; -
::Oh! then, as in memory backward we wander,
::And roam the long vista of past years adown,
::On the scenes of our student life often we'll ponder,
::And smile, as we murmur the name of Old Brown.

Ever True To Brown

Brown's official fight song "Ever True To Brown" was written by Donald Jackson (Class of 1909). The song is played by the Brown Band at varsity athletic events. The unofficial version is alternately played by the Band as well.

	Traditional version	Unofficial version
	We are ever true to Brown, For we love our college dear, And wherever we may go, We are ready with a cheer, And the people always say, That you can't outshine Brown Men, With their Rah! Rah! Rah! And their Ki! Yi! Yi! And their B-R-O-W-N!	We are ever true to Brown, For we love our college dear, And wherever we may go, (Where are we going?) We are ready with a beer, And the people always say, (What do they say?) That you can't outdrink Brown Men, (and Women!) With a scotch and rye, And a whiskey dry, And a B-O-U-R-B-O-N!

Computing projects

Several projects of note involving hypertext and other forms of electronic text have been developed at Brown, including:

★ FRESS

★ Brown University Interactive Language (BRUIN)

★ Hypertext Editing System

★ Women Writers Project
In addition, the Computer Science department at Brown is home to The CAVE, part of the Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Center for Information Technology. This project is a complete virtual reality room, one of few in the world, and is used for everything from three-dimensional drawing classes to tours of the circulatory system for medical students.

Notable alumni, faculty and ''honoris causa'' laureates

Main articles: List of Brown University people

Trivia

★ The John Hay library contains three books bound in human skin; other large university libraries also have such volumes, and a rare book cataloguer says that while the idea of making leather from human skin seems bizarre and cruel today, it was not uncommon in centuries past.^[55]

★ In 2000, a group of students from the university's Technology House converted the south side of the Sciences Library into a giant video display which allowed bystanders to play Tetris, the largest of its kind ever in the Western Hemisphere. Constructed from eleven custom-built circuit boards, a twelve-story data network, a personal computer running Linux, a radio-frequency video game controller, and over 10,000 Christmas lights, the project was named La Bastille and could be seen for several miles.^[56]^[57]

★ In an episode of Family Guy, it is shown that Meg Griffin's choice of school is Brown University. Brian Griffin, the family dog, also attended Brown but dropped out.

★ In an episode of Scrubs it is revealed that Elliot Reid and her sorority sister Melody O'Hara attended Brown.

★ In the popular teen soap opera The O.C., Summer Roberts gets accepted and attends Brown University, and Seth Cohen applies but does not get accepted.

★ In an episode of The Simpsons, Lisa has a daydream about failing a test and not being able to get into Harvard. A representative from Harvard then tells Lisa, "I'll pass you on to Brown". Lisa then constantly says, "Not Brown, Brown, Brown" etc. as she wakes up.

References

1. [1]
2. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Bear
3. Brown Campus News: Acceptance Rate of Class of 2010 Lowest in University History
4. Ivy Success article
5. Hernandez College Consulting
6. Brown University Office of Admission facts and figures
7. Brown University Office of Admission facts and figures
8. [2] Boston College News Article
9. [3] Social Science Research Network Paper Download
10. http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html
11. The History of Brown University, 1764-1914, Brunson, Walter C., , , , 1972,
12. "Providence." ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. 1911. 11th edition. Vol 22 (POL-RHE). p. 511c: (Makeup of board, 22 Baptists, etc. No religious tests for admission. "Considered extraordinary liberal.")
13. Howell, Ricardo (2001, July). "Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University." ''Brown University News Service''
14. http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2007-08/07-013.html
15. http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Provost/committees/tue/
16. Office of the President
17. Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
18. About the Committee
19. Ivy League
20. A Forgotten History: The Slave Trade and Slavery in New England
21. Undergraduate Concentrations Completed: Selected Years
22. History of the Brown Medical School
23. Brown University Names Medical School To Honor Warren Alpert
24. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Maxcy, Jonathan
25. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Messer, Asa
26. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Gilman, Ezekiel
27. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Faunce, William H.P.
28. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Heffner, Ray L.
29. From Martha Mitchell’s ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': Hornig, Donald F.
30. Allen, Brenda A., Paul Armstrong, Farid Azfar, et al. "Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice'" Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice, October 21, 2006), retrieved March 15, 2007.
31. Boldly Brown web site
32. Peter Green House Relocation Video
33. The Princeton Review. (2006, August). "Quality of Life." ''The Best 361 Colleges''
34. Perkins, Sara. (2004, April 19). "Fashion Journal likes what Brown is wearing." ''The Brown Daily Herald''
35. U.S. News & World Report. (2002, March 18). "College Sports: Honor Roll." ''U.S. News & World Report''
36. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Philermenian Society." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
37. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "United Brothers Society." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
38. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Franklin Society." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
39. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Fraternities." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
40. Poulson, Dan. (1 March 2002). "Investigating the death of campus traditions." ''The Brown Daily Herald''
41. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Van Wickle Gates." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
42. Brown Admission: Brown Traditions
43. Brown Admission: Brown Traditions
44. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Carberry, Josiah S.." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
45. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Spring Weekend." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
46. Brown Concert Agency: A History of Spring Weekend
47. Brown Concert Agency
48. Danielle Cerny ''Brown Daily Herald''. November 15th, 2004.
49. "From A To Z: Your Unofficial Guide to Brownspeak" ''Brown Daily Herald'' September 3rd, 2004.
50. "Across Campuses Groups Bare It All" Danielle Cerny ''Brown Daily Herald''. November 15th, 2004.
51. "Black Tie Optional" Rachel Aviv ''New York Times''. January 7, 2007.
52. Promoting a Dance Party One Pile of Naked Students At A Time November 10th, 2005. ''Brown Daily Herald''
53. "Chaos and Management Failures Marred Sex Power God" Eric Beck. ''Brown Daily Herald'' April 27, 2006
54. Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "Alma Mater." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''
55. Johnson, M.L. (2006, January 7). "Some of nation's best libraries have books bound in human skin." Associated Press
56. La Bastille: A Tech House Art Installation
57. http://www.macobserver.com/news/00/april/000425/wozontetris.shtml

External links

★ Brown University

★ The Brown Alumni Magazine

★ Brown Online Course Announcement (BOCA)

★ Official Brown athletics site

★ ''The Brown Daily Herald'' student newspaper

★ ''The College Hill Independent'' student newspaper

★ ''The Brown Journal of World Affairs''

★ ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''

★ ''Critical Review'' undergraduate academic guide

★ Brown Student Radio

★ University report ''Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University''

★
★ Official campus maps:

★
★
★ Welcome Map in PDF or JPEG format

★
★
★ Visitor Map in PDF format

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