Brigham Young University
'Brigham Young University' ('BYU'), located in
Provo, Utah, is the
flagship university of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon Church).
About 98% of the students at BYU are Mormon and two-thirds of the students come from outside the state of Utah.
[7] BYU students are required to adhere to a strict
honor code that forbids extramarital sexual relations,
alcohol, tobacco, and drug consumption. The honor code also requires that students be religiously active, wear
modest clothing, and avoid extreme hairstyles.
Most male BYU students take a two-year hiatus from their studies to become
Mormon missionaries, and many of them obtain a level of foreign language proficiency while they are doing so. BYU is owned and operated by the LDS Church. Because about 70% of
student tuition is funded by LDS Church
tithing funds, BYU has relatively lower tuition than similar private universities.
[8]
BYU's campus is nestled at the base of the dramatic Wasatch Mountain range.
BYU's
accounting program is frequently ranked highly in national publications. BYU also offers a wide variety of
foreign language courses. Over three-quarters of BYU undergraduates have some
proficiency in a foreign language. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68
master's degree and 25
doctoral degree programs.
History
Main articles: History of Brigham Young University
| "I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country." |
— Brigham Young, 1875 |
Early years
BYU's origin can be traced back to 1862. In that year,
Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. Dusenberry paid the $50 a month in rent and manufactured the desks for the school himself. In 1865, he left his school to enter into private business and to serve a mission for
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1869, he started another school in Provo with his brother, this time in a different building. This school flourished, so they relocated to a building called the Lewis Building on Center and 300 West.
[9] When the student body of the Dusenberry brothers' school hit 300, the school became a part of the University of Deseret, based in Salt Lake City. The school in Provo was called the Timpanogos branch.
[10] On
October 16,
1875,
Brigham Young, the president of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, personally purchased the Lewis Building. This is the commonly held founding date of BYU.
[11] Young broke the school off from the University of Deseret and christened it "'Brigham Young Academy'."
Classes at the new Brigham Young Academy commenced on the 3rd of January, 1876.
Reed Smoot was the first of 29 students to register for classes on that day [he graduated from the BYA high school in the Class of 1880]. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April of 1876, when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived, a German immigrant named
Karl Maeser.
In January of 1884, a fire started in a chemistry lab and destroyed the Lewis Building. Students temporarily held class in three separate locations before relocating to a warehouse on University Avenue. The students attended class in the ZCMI warehouse until January 1892, when an elaborate brick and sandstone building called the "BY Academy Building" was completed.
Benjamin Cluff, Jr.
By this time, Maeser had to be replaced as President by the Board of Trustees. He had been called to oversee the entire LDS education program, and was unable to do both jobs. The Board's initial choice was the twenty-seven year old
James E. Talmage, but before they could extend the invitation, he was hired by an LDS college in Salt Lake City. They instead chose a recent graduate of the
University of Michigan,
Benjamin Cluff, Jr. Cluff's methods as President have been described as nearly opposite those of Maeser. Maeser was insular and conservative in his teaching methods. He kept his teachings well within the LDS world, and adhered to
classical education standards. Cluff was more open to new ideas and methods. He also believed that the world outside mormonism had a lot to offer the school.
[ Highlights in the Ninety-Nine-Year History of BYU ]
Brigham Young Academy was still more like a present-day high school than a university. Some Academy students were at the elementary level and received tutoring from older students.
Cluff, however began implementing several changes to the school according to his experiences at Michigan. He began separation of the college from the high school, giving older students access to higher level materials. He also introduced an athletics program, which was quickly closed by the Board of Trustees (Many colleges at this time frowned on athletics programs).
[ The school was privately supported by members of the community, and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896.[12] ]
Cluff continued his somewhat unusual tactics in 1902, when he took a group of students on an expedition to Mexico to explore the lands of the Book of Mormon and discover Zarahemla. At the Mexican border, Cluff and his group were met by Heber J. Grant, a member of the Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Grant dissapproved of the expedition and asked Cluff to go back, but he refused. What followed was an eighteen month adventure through jungle, full of illness, and including a stay in Mexican prison. Cluff and his group eventually returned to the university in 1904. For another two years he served the school successfully, seeing it double in size. However, Walter Wolfe, one of the men who had come on the Mexican expedition, accused Cluff of mismanagement, misrepresentation, misappropriation of funds, and immorality, all having allegedly occurred in Mexico. Although Cluff was cleared of all charges, the damage done to his reputation required the Board to hire a new President.
In his last official act, Cluff proposed to the Board that the Academy be named "Brigham Young University". At first there was a large amount of opposition to this. Many members of the Board thought that the school wasn't large enough to be a University. However, the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, "I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat."
George H. Brimhall
In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University.[13] (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant "Y" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.
In 1904, the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo.
By 1910, Brimhall had hired several new faculty with high credentials, many of them Ph.Ds in their fields. This was an unprecedented step for the school, as Cluff had previously been the most educated member of the staff, with a Masters degree earned while he was in office. Brimhall, like many of the Presidents before him, believed in delegation, and distributed many of his duties among the new faculty. Eventually, problems began to arise. Several of the faculty believed that the school should teach organic evolution, while others disagreed. The ensuing contention ended with a decision not to teach evolution issued by President of the Church Joseph F. Smith, two faculty members being fired, and several others resigning out of sympathy for those discharged. History seems to show that the two faculty members were fired for an inability to compromise with the rest of the group, rather than their pro-evolution agenda, although this has been disputed. Many wondered whether the school would survive this crisis. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a "religious seminary". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and renown in their fields.
Franklin S. Harris to Ernest L. Wilkinson
Franklin S. Harris was appointed President of the University in 1921. He was the first President of the BYU to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, lifting it from its somewhat dismal status at the end of Brimhall's tenure into a new era. Harris reorganized the college into a true University, whereas before its organization had remnants of the Academy days. He also began work on achieving accreditation for the school. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He served twenty-four years, longer than any other BYU President, before resigning in 1945 to work at Utah State.
Harris was replaced by President Howard S. McDonald, who had received his doctorate from the University of California. McDonald was used to an organization which placed the President at the head of decision-making, rather than a Board of Trustees. Because of this, he had a lot of trouble working with the Board, who at BYU had more power than he was accustomed to. However, he achieved several valuable things in his four-year tenure. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The University did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah, and rebuilt it to house some of the students. McDonald also did several other things. When asked by Church leaders whether support for the college be dropped, he answered an adamant no, putting an end to the last real question of the school's survival. He also began a significant building program which was continued by his predecessors. McDonald resigned in 1949 in order to work at a Los Angeles College fitting his administrative style better.
After a one-and-a-half year period in which Christen Jensen temporarily filled the position of President, Ernest L. Wilkinson was called by the Board of Trustees. Wilkinson's administration was a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand to this day.[ Ernest L. Wilkinson ] During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school of the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school.[ Finally, President Wilkinson reorganized the LDS church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration.]
Dallin H. Oaks to Cecil O. Samuelson
Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as President in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Oaks was called to the Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1984,[16] and was replaced by Jeffrey R. Holland as President. Holland encouraged a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature, and believed that should be taken advantage of, rather than hid. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. When the new campus faced local opposition, Holland personally visited protesters and promised, in writing, that nobody associated with the new campus would proselyte, leading to the Center's successful completion. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee.[17] Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus.[18] A cancer survivor, Lee is honored annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run.[19]
Lee was replaced in 1996 by Merrill J. Bateman.[20] From 1996 to 1999, Bateman oversaw the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library. He also strengthened the foundations of several buildings on campus in case of an earthquake. Later in his term, he began plans for the Joseph F. Smith Building, which was constructed between 2002 and 2004. All in all, Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the University both on and off campus, including the Barlow Center in Washington D. C.. This center was a place for students to stay, as well as and important BYU presence in the city. Athletics programs also saw development under Bateman. Under him, the woman's softball team came into being. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined. Previously, BYU had been in the Western Athletic Conference. Bateman was instrumental in a push to rename "Cougar Stadium", "LaVell Edwards Stadium" in 2000, in honor of BYU football coach LaVell Edwards. He also led a push among several universities to reverse an NCAA ruling that games could be scheduled on Sunday (an effort which was unsuccessful). Overall, sports programs flourished under Bateman's tenure. In the computing and technology area, Bateman directed a merging of BYU's computer systems with the LDS church's, as well as enlarging the resources available to computing majors. A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000, under his leadership. Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001. The planes crashed on a Tuesday, mere hours before the weekly devotional normally held at BYU. Previous plans for the devotional were altered, as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace.[21] Bateman was followed by Cecil O. Samuelson in 2003, who is the current president.[22]
Recent events
In 2007 the The First Presidency invited George W. Bush to speak as the commencement speaker. When it became evident that he would be unable to attend, Dick Cheney accepted the invitation instead.[23] The invitation generated controversy that was covered by all major news outlets.[24] The University's Board of Trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation to Vice President Cheney should be viewed "as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure."[25] However, BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not "attack [the] BYU administration, the Church or the First Presidency."[26] On April 26, 2007, Dick Cheney delivered a largely apolitical speech and was greeted warmly by over 20,000. All three members of the first presidency were in attendance.[27] The leader of the protest was invited to appear on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart but did not do so because, "It wouldn't be a big deal if they were to make fun of our club, because it is funny, but it's something else if it's BYU or the church."[28] A group of students held an alternative commencement off campus at a different time featuring Ralph Nader as a speaker.[29]
Campus
Main Provo campus
The main campus sits on approximately 560 acres nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 311 buildings.[ Campus ] The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time.[ The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained.[30][31] Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus.][ BYU's Harold B. Lee Library, which the Princeton Review ranked as the #1 "Great College Library" in 2004,[32] has approximately 8½ million items in its collections, contains 98 miles of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people.[33] The Spencer W. Kimball Tower is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah.][ Kimball Tower ][ Campus Information ] Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation.[34]
The campus is home to several museums containing exhibits from many different fields of study. BYU's Museum of Art, for example, is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West. This Museum aids in academic pursuits of students at BYU via research and study of the artworks in its collection. The Museum is also open to the general public and provides educational programming.[35] The Museum of Peoples and Cultures is a museum of archaeology and ethnology. It focuses on native cultures and artifacts of the Great Basin, American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Peru, and Polynesia. Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs, it documents BYU's archaeological research.[36] The Earth Science Museum was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen. It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago), and is one the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period. It has been featured in magazines, newspapers, and on television internationally. The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year.[37][38] The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum was formed in 1978. It features several forms of plant and animal life on display and available for research by students and scholars.[39]
The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The Pardoe Theatre is BYU's largest and named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet.[ Facilities ] The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet.[ The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280.]
Student housing
One of the earliest student dormitories at BYU, Allen Hall, named for Ray Eugene Allen and his wife Inez Knight, was built in 1938. Originally it was a men's dormitory, but during World War II, a large influx of female students caused the university to make it a women's dorm. In 1962, the building ceased to be a student dormitory altogether, and was used as temporary housing for missionaries while the Church's Language Training Mission was under construction.[40] The success of Allen Hall led to immediate plans for another dormitory, Amanda Knight Hall, named for the wife of Jesse Knight. This served as a home for female students until it was also turned over to the Language Training Mission.[41]
Heritage Halls is a twelve-building housing complex on campus which offers apartment-style living. Six of the buildings were built in 1952, and the other six in 1954. The halls received their collective name through a contest among residents. Each of the separate buildings is named after a notable Latter-day Saint woman. Originally, these halls housed only female residents. Today, however, the halls house both male and female students, divided by sex into separate buildings. Each building has ten units capable of holding six people each[42][ Room Options ] Construction of Helaman Halls followed soon after, with the first five buildings completed in 1958, and three more added by 1970.[43] The Halls recently underwent a 12+ year long renovation, beginning in 1991 and continuing through 2003.[44]
In 1965, BYU completed construction of Deseret Towers. "DT", as it is called by students, originally consisted of five towers, with a sixth (V Hall) added in 1969, and a seventh (W Hall) in the late seventies. The Towers were capable of housing over 2000 students. In December 2006, V and W Hall were torn down. The others are to follow in the coming school year, as the Towers no longer meet the needs of BYU residents[45][46][47]
In 1946, during the postwar BYU growth, President McDonald purchased forty-eight buildings from a nearby Air Force station in order to house students. These buildings were called Wymount Village, and housed both married and single students until 1962.[48] Wymount Village was replaced by Wymount Terrace in that year, intended solely for students with young families. The 24 building complex contains a total of 462 apartments of varying sizes.[49] Another complex originally intended for families was Wyview Park. At first, Wyview was a trailer park,[50] but in 1996 it was razed and rebuilt into an apartment complex.[51] In 2006, the complex began housing single students as well, in order to counteract loss of singles' housing in other areas.[52]
A unique form of housing on campus is found in the Foreign Language Student Residence (FLSR) complex. The twenty-five apartments in this complex provide housing for students in foreign languages. Residents of these apartments agree to speak only their apartment's assigned language during the school year while in the apartment. This immersion experience is available in nine languages, and students are accompanied by a native resident throughout the year to enhance the experience.[53]
Helaman Halls is served by a central cafeteria called the Cannon Center.[ Branches of the BYU Creamery provide basic food and general grocery products for students living in Heritage Halls, Wymount, Wyview, and the FLSR. The store, begun in 1949, has become a BYU tradition and is frequented by visitors to the university and members of the community, as well as students.[54] It was the first on-campus full-time service grocery store in the country.[55]]
BYU Salt Lake Center
BYU also has an extension campus, the 'BYU Salt Lake Center' in Salt Lake City, which began in 1959.[56] On 20 August 2007, the Salt Lake Center moved to a new Campus located on Salt Lake's West Temple street. The campus now occupies three floors of the Triad Center, and has a total of 28 classrooms.[57] Admitted BYU students may register for classes the same way as with any class on the main Provo campus. Also, with proper clearance, non-admitted students may also register for classes.[ BYU-Salt Lake Center Directory ] However, while these credits can be applied at BYU or transferred to other universities, registration does not constitute admittance to BYU.[ The Salt Lake Center has some advantages over the Provo Campus, with its tendency toward smaller class sizes. Previous to the move, most classes were held in the evening, and the curriculum was limited in size. Changes are underway to expand class offerings and times.[58]]
Academics
Admissions
BYU accepted 74% of the 10,010 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2007. [59] The average ACT score and GPA for these admitted students was 27.9 and 3.78, respectively.[60] U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being "more selective"[61] and compares with such universities as the University of Texas[62] and Ohio State University.[63] Such assessment is "based on a formula that accounts for enrollees' test scores and class standing and the school's acceptance rate (the percentage of applicants who are accepted)."[64] In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006.[65]
Organization
Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church, currently Gordon B. Hinckley, as chairman. The President of BYU, currently Cecil O. Samuelson, works in cooperation with the board.[66] Altogether, BYU has 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 Ph.D. programs, and a Juris Doctor program.[67] These degree programs are overseen by 11 colleges:[68]
BYU also manages some courses through the following quasi-college departments:
★ David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies[69]
★ Religious Education[70]
★ Undergraduate Education[71]
★ Graduate Studies[72]
★ Independent Study[73]
★ Continuing Education[74]
BYU's Winter semester ends in April, earlier than most universities, and as such BYU has no Spring break.[75]
Rankings and notability
In 2008, the ''US News & World Report'' ranked BYU as #79 in the country.[76] The Princeton Review also has ranked BYU in several categories, including one of the best Western colleges and the third best value for college in the United States in 2005[77] and the best value for college in 2007.[78] In 2008, BYU fell out of the top 10, but remained listed as a best value college. One other notable national ranking includes BYU as having one of the best libraries in the nation.[79] BYU is designated as a Carnegie research university with high research activity, one of the highest classifications by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.[80] It is also ranked 19th in the ''US News and World Report's'' "Great Schools, Great Prices" lineup, and 12th in lowest student-incurred debt.[ Rankings and Recognition ]
The Marriott School of business has received recognition in several areas, most notably its accounting program. Overall, BusinessWeek ranked the Marriott School of Business as the eighth best business program in 2007.[81] ''Financial Times'' rated it first in the nation in that year.[82] In ethics emphasis, a 2006 ''Wall Street Journal'' article ranked BYU second in the nation.[ In 2007, the school's accounting department obtained the "Best in Accountancy" title, according to the Financial Times global ranking of business schools.[83] This department has also been highly ranked by the ''Public Accounting Report'' for several years. This report ranked both the undergraduate and graduate accounting programs second in the nation for the 2006-2007 school year.[84] ]
BYU scientists have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the television, received his education at BYU, and later came back to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university.[ Biography of Philo Taylor Farnsworth ] Harvey Fletcher, a BYU alumnus, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering.[85] The department of Computer Science developed and currently maintains phpLDAPadmin, an award-winning open source project.[86] BYU students also developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop.[87]
Study-abroad programs
BYU runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites.[88] Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the US to offer students study abroad opportunities.[89][21][91][92] The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, has recently been reopened to students in the Winter 2007 Semester.[93]
Religion classes
All undergraduate students, regardless of their religion, must take 14 semester hours of religious courses to graduate. Students have a degree of flexibility with these religious courses, although they must take at least two courses covering the Book of Mormon, one covering the Doctrine and Covenants, and one covering the New Testament.[94]
Foreign languages at BYU
One unique aspect of BYU is its abundance of high quality foreign language study. Over three quarters of the student body have some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total).[ Why Use the Brigham Young University English Certification Test? ] This is partially due to the fact that 45% of the student body at BYU have been missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment.[95] During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average.[ BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages,][ many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian][Owens, Eric. America's Best Value Colleges. New York: Princeton Review, 2004. pg.583. ISBN 0375763732] program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region.[ It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations.]
A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university run foreign film program in the country.[96] As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence (FLSR). This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to only speak their foreign language of choice while in their apartments.[97]
Academic freedom issues
Looking North from the Kimball Tower toward Mount Timpanogos
Main articles: Academic freedom at Brigham Young University
University standards
In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom.[http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html] After receiving comment from faculty and others, the document was implemented by BYU administrators on September 14, 1992. This document specified that: "Because the gospel encompasses all truth and affirms the full range of human modes of knowing, the scope of integration for LDS scholars is, in principle, as wide as truth itself."[ However, citing BYU's role as a religious institution, the document allowed limitations to be placed upon "expression with students or in public that:]
#contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy;
#deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or
#violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.
"...The ultimate responsibility to determine harm to the University mission or the church, however, remains vested in the University's governing bodies—including the University president and central administration and, finally, the board of Trustees."
Also in 1992, the university began including a clause in its faculty contracts requiring LDS faculty to "accept the spiritual and temporal expectations of wholehearted Church membership".[ In 1993, contracts further required LDS faculty to "maintain standards of conduct consistent with qualifying for temple privileges"][http://ce.byu.edu/ed/edweek/form1.pdf] (referring to entry into LDS temples, for which one must meet standards of activity and behavior in the LDS Church). In 1996, LDS faculty were required, as a condition of employment, to obtain the yearly endorsement of their local ecclesiastical leaders certifying that the faculty were temple-worthy.
BYU also does not allow off-campus groups to use the campus for protests or demonstrations. On-campus groups and students must apply for a permit.[98]
Northwest Association
In 1996, the Northwest Association of Schools and of Colleges and Universities (the "Northwest Association") reviewed the University's academic freedom statement and renewed its accreditation. The Northwest Association specifically approved the University's academic freedom statement. Such accreditation standards permit "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly."['' THE ISSUE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM: AN INTERVIEW]
WITH JIM GORDON'' 664 In addition, the Northwest Association investigated "almost all" of the allegations that the AAUP had asserted regarding other individuals, concluding that the University had not violated academic freedom.[ ]
American Association of University Professors
Like many other religious schools, BYU's academic freedom policies have been criticized by the American Association of University Professors ("AAUP") (a non-accrediting organization).[ ] In 1997, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) issued a report documenting the cases of several professors concluding "that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor."[ Report: Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University ]
The AAUP report also contained, as an appendix, a response authored by the BYU administration, which argued that BYU had the right to limit academic freedom in order to preserve the religious character of the school, a right implied by a 1940 AAUP statement and generally followed until 1970. In particular, BYU compared itself to Gonzaga University, a Jesuit institution which prohibited "open espousal of viewpoints which contradict explicit principles of Catholic faith and morals."[ BYU also stated that the academic freedom judgement process lacked transparency and objectivity.][ The AAUP's decision remained, however. In 1965, the AAUP had stated that "satisfactory conditions of academic freedom and tenure now prevail at Gonzaga."[99] In 1970, the AAUP had adopted a statement of ''Interpretive Comments'' in which the AAUP had stated, "Most church-related institutions no longer need or desire the departure from the principle of academic freedom implied in the 1940 ''Statement'', and we do not endorse such a departure".][''The Value of Limitations'' [1]] In 1998, the AAUP voted to censure BYU, and remains on a list of censured institutions together with 46 other universities.[100]
The AAUP's refusal to accommodate religiously affiliated institutions of higher learning in connection with desires to protect religious traditions in line with its own 1940 statement - in contrast to that accommodation by the Northwest Association - has been criticized.[ Some suggest that BYU "should be revered" for allowing far freer discussion of religious topics than most universities.][''BYU action on Jones lamented'' [2]] And many BYU professors have expressed appreciation for academic freedoms at BYU that they have not experienced elsewhere.
Case studies
Soon after adopting their statement on academic freedom in 1992, BYU took actions which some have viewed as related to the implementation of the new academic freedom policy. For example, in late 1992, the university's board of trustees vetoed without comment a BYU proposal to invite Pulitzer Prize winner and Harvard University professor Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, an active feminist, to address the annual BYU Women's Conference.[101] Since then, the University has also dismissed, denied continuing status, or censured faculty members who have taken critical positions relating to official church policy or leadership.
For example, in 1993, BYU denied continuing status to Cecilia Konchar Farr, who had publicly advocated a pro-choice position on abortion. Farr was hired as an English instructor and some felt her positions of pro-choice were irrelevant to her assignment with the school.[ And to David Knowlton, who had discussed the church's missionary system at an independent Mormon forum.][ In 1996, BYU dismissed Gail T. Houston, a feminist who advocated prayer to a Heavenly Mother, despite positive votes from her English Department and the College Committee.][ Also in 1996, professor Brian Evenson resigned in protest after receiving a warning from BYU administration over some violent images in one of his short stories.][ Most recently, in 2006, part-time faculty instructor Jeffrey Nielsen's contract was not renewed after he wrote an op-ed piece in the June 4 ''Salt Lake Tribune'' which criticized and opposed the Mormon Church's stance on same-sex marriage.[102] Officially, BYU spokespeople generally framed the actions in the cases of Farr, Knowlton, and Houston as relating to the quality of the professors' scholarship, and sometimes to unspecified misbehavior, rather than the controversial content of the affected professor's academic activities.[103] Nevertheless, some critics viewed these dismissals as a kind of purge.]
BYU's academic freedom controversy has not always been limited to religious matters. BYU placed physics professor Steven E. Jones on paid leave in connection with an internal investigation that a paper he authored on the causes finding that the World Trade Center towers fell on 9/11 because of pre-set explosives might not have met "scientific standards of peer review" and his failure of "appropriately distancing himself" from the University in his statements regarding his explosive theory.[''BYU professor in dispute over 9/11 will retire'' [4]] Mr. Jones retired while the investigation was in its early stages.
Performing arts
The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world,[104] having won the United States National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1982.[105] BYU's Ballroom dance team has won first place in Latin or Standard (or both) every single year they have competed at Blackpool, and they were the first United States team to win a trophy at Blackpool.[104] The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for many years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester, totaling thousands of students per semester, making it by far the largest ballroom dance program in the US.
The Young Ambassadors are a song and dance performing group of 50 years. Since their first international performance at Expo '70 in Japan, they have performed throughout the United States and over 56 other nations. Their audiences have included the prime minister of India, the queen of Thailand, and the king and queen of Jordan.
BYU also has a fine tradition in both concert and marching bands.[107] The Wind Symphony has toured many countries including Denmark, Hong Kong, Russia, and the British Isles. The Symphonic Band is also an ensemble dedicated to developing the musician, but with a less strenuous focus on performance. BYU also has a marching band program called the Cougar Marching Band.
BYU has a choral program with over 500 members, one of the largest in the United States. There are four BYU auditioned choirs:
★ 'BYU Singers' (40 voices), BYU's top choir, has traveled extensively and recorded several CDs. It is conducted by Dr. Ronald J. Staheli. Their best-received albums are 'Eric Whitacre: The Complete A Cappella Works 1991-2001' in 2002 (Arsis), and most recently 'My Redeemer Lives' in 2003 (Tantara).
★ 'BYU Concert Choir' (85-95 voices) is an advanced large mixed choir. They have recorded several CDs with the most recent recording 'Beautiful River' in 2005 (Tantara) which features Eric Whitacre's ''5 Hebrew Love Songs''.
★ 'BYU Men's Chorus' (210 male voices) is the largest male collegiate choir in the United States.[108] Men's Chorus is conducted by Rosalind Hall.
★ 'BYU Women's Chorus' (200 female voices) is a showcase of choral music for treble voices.
There is also a non-auditioned 'University Chorale' (varies, roughly 300 voices).
Sports programs
BYU's mascot is Cosmo the Cougar and its primary conference is the Mountain West Conference.
BYU football
BYU's logo from 1969 until 1998
BYU's logo from 1999 to Present
Main articles: BYU Cougars football
★ 'National Champions' In 1984, BYU's football team was declared NCAA Division I-A national champions. At the end of the season, the team had the number one ranking in the AP, UPI, and other polls, making them the consensus' choice. The undefeated Cougars (12-0-0) beat the Michigan Wolverines (6-5-0) 24-17 in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego on December 21, marking the only time a national champion played in (and won) a bowl game before New Year's Day.
★ 'Heisman Trophy Winner' In 1990, quarterback Ty Detmer won college football's most prestigious individual award, the Heisman Trophy. Detmer is the only BYU football player ever to win the award. Detmer passed for 5,188 yards and 41 touchdowns during the 1990 season, with 28 interceptions. During the same season, he also led BYU to defeat the number-one-ranked Miami Hurricanes 28-21 in Provo.
★ 'The Davey O'Brien Award' The Davey O'Brien Award has honored the nation's best quarterback since 1981. BYU quarterbacks have won the award four times—more than any other school. Former NFL greats Jim McMahon and Steve Young both won the award while at BYU, and in 1991, Ty Detmer became the first of only three quarterbacks to win the award twice.
★ 'Bowl Games' BYU has an overall 8-16-1 record in bowl games.
★ 'School Colors' Until 1999, the school colors were bright royal blue and white. That year, the school colors switched to dark blue and tan, and the football helmets switched from white to dark blue. However, the modern-style football uniforms proved to be unpopular, and the traditional design with the white helmet was reinstituted for the 2005 season—although the darker blue remained on the home jerseys and the road pants.
BYU's head football coach from 1972-2000 was LaVell Edwards. Edwards is a legend among college football coaches, winning 257 games over a span of 29 years. Only five other head coaches have won more games. He was twice awarded with Coach of the Year awards (1979 and 1984).[109] Under Edwards's leadership, the Cougars were conference champions 20 times, had 26 winning seasons, played in 22 bowl games, and held a top-25 ranking for some portion of 22 different seasons, including 9 seasons with top-10 rankings.[110] Upon Edwards' retirement in 2000, BYU renamed its football venue from Cougar Stadium to LaVell Edwards Stadium in his honor.[111]
LaVell Edwards Stadium
In 2001, under head coach Gary Crowton, the Cougars started the season with 12 consecutive wins. The team was briefly ranked 7th before finishing the season with 2 losses. BYU won just 14 of its next 35 games. Crowton resigned at the end of 2004, following three consecutive losing seasons.
In his first year as head football coach (2005), Bronco Mendenhall led the Cougars (6-6) to their first bowl game since 2001, and the Cougars finished second in the Mountain West Conference (5-3). The Cougar offense ranked second in the MWC in scoring and sixth in the nation in passing. Also under Mendenhall, The Cougars finished the 2006 season as Mountain West Conference Champions and were ranked in the top 20 for the first time since 2001. Although they lost both of their games against BCS competition, the two losses were close. The team finished the regular season with a 10-2 record, having finished unbeaten (8-0) in conference play. Then, on December 21, they beat the Oregon Ducks 38-8 in the Las Vegas Bowl. The win was the largest margin of victory for BYU in their bowl game history, and it broke a post season losing streak dating back a full decade.
BYU's regional rivalry with the University of Utah is historic and nationally-ranked. In 2005, the ''Wall Street Journal'' ranked it the number four rivalry in the nation.[112] Over the last 14 years (1993-2006), 11 contests in this rivalry have been decided by a single score, and several games have been won by a score in the final minutes. In 2005, Utah upset BYU in overtime. In 2006, BYU broke Utah's four-year winning streak with a last-second touchdown. BYU's overall record in the series is 29-49-4,[113] but between 1972 and 2006, BYU posted a 24-11 advantage in the rivalry. (See Utah-BYU Rivalry.)
BYU basketball
Main articles: BYU Cougars men's basketball
The BYU men's basketball team is ranked among top 25 NCAA programs for all-time total victories. As of 2006, BYU had 82 winning seasons, 26 conference titles, 21 NCAA tournament invites, 10 NIT invites, and 2 NIT titles (1951 and 1966). In 2005, the program was ranked 36th in Street & Smiths "100 greatest College Basketball Programs of All Time," based on NCAA tournament success, NIT success, national championships, conference regular-season and tournament titles, all-time win-loss percentage, graduation percentage, NCAA infractions, NBA first round draft picks, and mascot ferocity.
While much of the team's success, including its two NIT titles, came in the 1950s and 1960s, the team began a resurgence in the late 1970s. Led by star point guard, Danny Ainge, the cougars easily captured WAC titles in 1979 and 1980. In 1981, despite placing third in conference play below co-champions Wyoming and Utah the cougars managed to defeat Notre Dame in the NCAA tournament and advance to the "Elite Eight", where they were knocked off by Virginia. The cougars finished the season 25-7 and ranked 16th in the nation. In this, his final season, Ainge was named All-American and was awarded the Eastman and John Wooden awards as college basketball's outstanding player.
Other highlights for the Cougars include opening 17-0 in the 1987-88 season and being ranked as high as 2nd in the nation before falling to UAB in Birmingham. The cougars finished the season 26-6 overall and ranked in the top 20. The following year, Coach Roger Reid took over for the Cougars. During his seven-year tenure, he led the Cougars to six 20-win seasons, 6 post-season tournaments (5 NCAA and 1 NIT), 3 WAC titles and 2 WAC tournament titles, racking up a 152-77 record (0.664) the highest winning percentage ever for a BYU coach. However, he was dismissed in his seventh season amid a recruiting controversy after a 0-7 start. That season, the cougars went on to complete their worst-ever season with a meager 1-25 record.
Following Reid's departure, Steve Cleveland took the helm leading the cougars to 2 additional MWC championships and 3 NCAA tournament invitations before leaving in 2005. Dave Rose took over as head coach upon Cleveland's departure to Fresno State. He helped the cougars to a 20 win season in the 2005-2006 season. In the 2006-2007 season, the cougars became nationally ranked for the first time since 1994 and won the Mountain West Conference regular season championship outright. 2007 was also the first year to beat rival University of Utah at both meetings since 1994.
Other sports
'National Championships': The BYU women's cross-country team won the NCAA National Championship in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2002. BYU has also won NCAA National Championships in golf, track, and men's volleyball (3 times: in 1999, 2001, and 2004). Its men's volleyball team plays in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
'Lacrosse': BYU Men's Lacrosse is consistently ranked in the top 5 in the nation, winning the USL-MDIA (now MCLA) national championship in 1997, 2000, and 2007. The team is a member of the RMLC and plays a national schedule.
'Soccer': BYU's men's soccer club participates as a university-owned franchise in the United Soccer Leagues' Premier Development League.
'Rugby': BYU is a major force in American collegiate rugby union (known as rugby), with several students and alumni providing players to the United States national rugby union team, the Eagles.
'Track and Field': In 2005, David Chesser and wife Rena Williams Chesser became the first married couple in NCAA history to have received All-American honors in the same year. They were both awarded this honor in the sport of track and field.
'Intramurals': BYU also has a strong intramural sports program, offering more than 30 sports and involving more than 10,000 participants each year.
Students and faculty
Demographics
Students from every state in the US and from many foreign countries attend BYU (in the 2005-6 academic year, there were 2,396 foreign students, or 8% of enrollment).[65] Slightly more than 98% of these students are active members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[115] Those who have never been members of the church are permitted to attend, while former members are excluded from consideration for admittance unless they are reinstated to full church fellowship. There are a number of non-LDS faculty.
Religious activity
BYU mandates that its students be religiously active.[116] Students and faculty who are LDS are required to submit an affidavit stating that they are active participants in the LDS Church. The affidavit must be signed by LDS church leaders, and it must be resubmitted annually.[117] Non-LDS students are asked to provide a similar endorsement from an ecclesiastic (religious) leader of their choice with their application for admittance, as well as an annual review similar to the one LDS students undergo.117
LDS BYU students can choose to affiliate with the local congregation (ward) where they reside or the corresponding student ward. Most single LDS BYU students are members of student wards, which typically have around 150 members. Some married students also choose to be affiliated with married student wards, although this is less common than among single students. These specialized church units relieve some of the leadership and administrative burden that the student population would otherwise have on local church units. In addition, student wards and stakes typically have programs designed to meet the specific needs of a younger, more transient population. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. "BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.[118]
Most male students and some female students take a hiatus from their undergraduate studies to serve as LDS missionaries. Male students typically go on their missions shortly after turning 19 years old. This often occurs during or at the end of their freshman year. Female students may begin their missionary service anytime after turning 21. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.
Honor code
Main articles: Brigham Young University Honor Code
Facing north toward Mt. Timpanogos
All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. When first implemented in the late 1940s, the code dealt mainly with academic issues, such as cheating and plagiarism. It has since expanded (especially during the 1960s and 1970s) to become one of the most comprehensive and far-reaching honor codes at any college or university. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process.
The BYU honor code governs not only academic behavior, but morality, and dress and grooming standards of students and faculty, with the aim of providing an atmosphere consistent with LDS principles. The Honor Code requires:
★ Abstinence from illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea (substances forbidden by the LDS Word of Wisdom)
★ Honesty
★ Encouraging others in their commitment to keep the Honor Code
★ Living a chaste and virtuous life:
★
★ Appropriate gender-specific behavior (no sexual harassment)
★
★ No involvement with pornographic or indecent material
★
★ No inappropriate sexual activity (no sexual relationships outside of marriage)
★
★ No homosexual behavior
★ Obedience to the law
★ Active participation in Church services (according to whatever religion one is a member)
★ Respect for others
★ Clean language
★ Following the "Residential Living Standards" (visiting hours for members of the opposite sex)
★ 'Dress and Grooming Standards'. Abiding by the guidelines for dress, grooming, and housing. Skirts and shorts must reach to the knee and shirts may not be sleeveless. Form fitting, strapless and revealing clothing is not appropriate. Male students may not wear beards or goatees without permission; such permission is usually granted only to men with skin conditions aggravated by shaving or to men whose religious beliefs, such as Islam or Sikhism, require them to wear beards.
★ Students are prohibited from having guns on campus under the Honor Code.[119]
Honor code policies and principles are promoted by the Student Honor Association, which works in conjunction with Bishops of BYU wards. The Honor Code office handles violations. Not all students at the school are familiar with LDS standards, so students who break the code for the first time are usually only contacted by mail as a warning and clarification of standards. Later violations may cause the student to be called in to the office to speak with an Honor Code officer. Severe and continued violations can merit expulsion.[120] Students are usually brought to the attention of the Honor Code office by other students.[121] BYU Events Staff patrol school dances for Honor Code violations.[122] Cafeteria, library, athletics and BYU Testing Center employees are asked to encourage students to follow dress and grooming standards, sometimes denying service to students living against policy.[123]
Students have the option of living in on-campus housing, with family members who reside in the local area, or in off-campus housing which must pass a school inspection for health and safety, as well as satisfactory separation of gender quarters and compliance with other standards. Students with extenuating circumstances can apply for a housing waiver for special approval. This approval is designed to ensure that students live in a safe environment that is consistent with the standards of the University. Since BYU students are only allowed to live in BYU-approved housing, landlords in the area consider it important to meet the standard in order to gain residents. Among the BYU housing standards is that bathrooms and the bedrooms be off limits for members of the opposite sex. Members of the opposite sex are required to be out of the apartment by midnight.[124] Guns are prohibited in all BYU-approved housing.[125] BYU also does not permit fraternities nor sororities.
In 2003, BYU announced that beginning in 2007, housing would only be BYU approved if it was within two miles of campus. The school did this out of concern that its Office of Residence Life was being stretched too thin and was unable to meet demands. Students feared that the new boundaries might shoot up apartment prices and decrease the amount of available housing. According to BYU, the effect would be minimal, as 98% of students already lived within the designated area. All in all, about 40 properties lost BYU approval due to the new guideline.[126]
A 2007 Collegehumor.com survey found that schools with honor codes were more likely to have cheating problems. Schools with honor codes had an average cheating rate of 68%, while those without honor codes scored 42%. Managers of the survey suggested that this was because schools with honor codes trusted their students more. However, a 1999 Duke study found that 92% of BYU students had never seen someone cheat, compared the the national average of 55%. BYU suggests that this may be because in addition to an honor code, the school requires that students be endorsed by an ecclesiastical leader. Also, many students are used to living honestly, making the honor code more of a continued commitment than a new one.[127]
Culture
BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms which are often caricatured.
One of the characteristics of BYU most often pointed out is its reputation for emphasizing a "marriage culture". Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints highly value marriage and family, as well as marriage within the faith. Consequently, the enormous population of LDS single adults in and around Provo makes it a mecca for singles in the church, irrespective of their affiliation with BYU. BYU's reputation as a place to court potential mates is well known both within and without the BYU community, and is encouraged to some extent by the school's administrators and ecclesiastical leaders, who publicly highlight "successful" marriage statistics.
56.3% of the men and 42.4% of the women in BYU's class of 2004 were married (the average age at graduation being 24.3). An earlier study ending in 1990 showed that 65% of matriculated male students ended up graduating, while the rate among matriculated female students was only 35%. Marriage statistics for the state of Utah as a whole indicate that BYU's marriage rate falls well within that of the state in general, with the median age at marriage in Utah being 23 for men, and 21 for women. It should be noted, however, that the percentage of married students at BYU is much higher than at most other universities, and the median age of marriage in Utah is significantly lower than in the United States as a whole. In regard to marriage, BYU is thus best described as a reflection of the cultural practices of the LDS population as a whole, rather than as an outlier.
BYU's large body of students who have served as missionaries for the LDS Church significantly shapes the institution's culture. Young LDS men are strongly requested to serve full-time two-year missions for the LDS Church after turning 19. Consequently, men typically attend BYU for their freshman year and then take a two year break from school to serve a mission. Thus, the average male at BYU is 21 years old. Although LDS women can also serve full-time missions, the church does not press them to do so. Additionally, missions for LDS females are only 18 months in duration, and females may not serve full-time missions until after reaching 21, so women more often graduate before serving a mission.
Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone cold sober school" in the nation for several years running, an honor which LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley has commented on with pride. The school's strait-laced reputation is a major selling point in athletic recruiting. As non-LDS players (particularly African-Americans from inner cities) have become ever more important to the school's teams, BYU's wholesomeness is often attractive for prospective students who prefer an academic or social environment without alcohol, illegal drug abuse, and violent crime. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average with the exception of rape. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10th the national average.[128]
The 100 Hour Board
The original, physical BYU 100 Hour Board. Today the Board is entirely online.
One unique aspect of Brigham Young University is the presence of the 100 Hour Board (also called "The Board"). The 100 Hour Board is a question and answer forum located online and sponsored by BYU NewsNet. While its primary readership is comprised of BYU students, the 100 Hour Board also services alumni, faculty and staff, prospective students, family members of students, and other interested parties. Participants can submit questions of any sort and receive an answer 100 hours later, and it is not unusual to find over 300 questions answered in a single week. Topics range from science to relationships to LDS Church doctrine to current events. The 100 Hour Board is staffed by 31 anonymous volunteer student writers and editors, according to the Fall 2006 issue of the BYU alumni magazine.
The Board began in 1995 as a student forum through which the Student Advisory Council (SAC) could communicate with the student body. The Board initially existed simply as a physical entity in the now-removed step-down lounge of the Ernest L. Wilkinson Student Center. Gradually, though, it morphed into its current form of a general Q&A form that is entirely web-based today.
Notable alumni
Main articles: List of Brigham Young University people
Many BYU graduates have achieved success in fields such as business, athletics, and entertainment.
References
1. Remarks at the Inauguration of President Cecil O. Samuelson by President Gordon B. Hinckley
2. http://newsnet.byu.edu/story.cfm/53075
3. Campus
4. Fall 2005 enrollments per The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 31, 2007.
5. Football Quick Facts
6. 2004-2005 Data from US Dept. of Education
7. About BYU - Demographics
8. BYU number two value after BYU-Hawaii, says "Consumers Digest"
9. The hall the Cluffs built D. Robert Carter
10. Warren Dusenberry (1875 - 1876) Sarah Bills
11. Brigham Young High School History: 1869 to 1903 - The Founding Years
12. From 1903 to 1920 ~ A High School Within a University
13. http://www.byhigh.org/History/HistoryDecades/From1903to1920.html
14. Why Everybody's Owin' Byron O. Colton
15. History
16. Dallin H. Oaks
17. Jeffrey R. Holland
18. Rex E. Lee
19. Rex Lee Run
20. Merrill J. Bateman
21. President leaves mark on campus
22. Cecil O. Samuelson
23. 20,000 to hear Cheney at BYU: He'll get honorary doctorate
24. http://www.sltrib.com/ci_5762663
25. BYU Invitation to Vice President Stirs Debate
26. BYU to Allow Cheney Protest
27. Warm welcome for Cheney
28. Protest leader walks fine line
29. BYU Cheney Protest: Today is the Day
30. Y.'s beauty wows judges Tad Walch
31. New parking lot at BYU won't be ugly expanse Tad Walch
32. Library in the News: September 2004
33. History of the Library
34. Knupke, Gene. Profiles of American / Canadian Sports Stadiums and Arenas. S.L.: Xlibris Corporation, 2006. pg. 301 ISBN 141349823X
35. About the Museum
36. General Information
37. Museum Information
38. On Display at the Museum
39. Museum Description
40. Allen Hall, 1938
41. Amanda Knight Hall, 1939
42.
Heritage Halls, group-living apartments for girls, ca. 1954
43. Helaman Halls, ca. 1958
44. A new home: Helaman Halls construction completed
45. Deseret Towers Facing Eventual Demolition
46. Deseret Towers, ca. 1965
47. W Hall Demolition Begins Early
48. Wymount Village, ca. 1953
49. Wymount Terrace, 1960s
50. The future site of the Marriott Center, 1970s
51. Appendices pg. 5
52. Single Students Move in to Wyview
53. BYU Housing - FLSR Info
54. Sweet Creams: BYU Creamery a Campus Landmark Since 1949
55. Creamery on Ninth declared 'Good Neighbor'
56. BYU-SL Center to relocate in '07
57. Moving to the Triad Center
58. BYU Salt Lake Center Changes Locations
59. Entrance Averages
60.
61. Brigham Young University–Provo
62. University of Texas-Austin In the case of University of Texas-Austin ("UT"), BYU appears to be more selective in some regards, with 27% of admitted freshmen having ACT scores over 30, as compared with 23% for UT. The University of Texas at Austin
63. Ohio State University-Columbus
64. How to Use This Directory
65. The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 31, 2007.
66. Administration
67. Academic Organization
68. Gordon B. Hinckley Presidential Scholarship pg. 3.
69. David M. Kennedy Center Home Page
70. College of Religious Education
71. Undergraduate Education
72. Graduate Studies
73. Independent Study
74. Division of Continuing Education
75. No Break for BYU Students
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