'Paul David Hewson' (born
10 May 1960), known as 'Bono', is the lead
singer and principal
lyricist of the
Irish rock band U2.
Bono was born and raised in
Dublin,
Ireland, and attended
Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his wife,
Ali Hewson (née Stewart), and the future members of U2.
Since that time he has been referred to as Bono, his
stage and
nickname, by his family and fellow band members.
2 Almost all U2 lyrics are written by Bono and he often writes using political, social and religious themes.
During their early years, Bono's lyrics partly contributed to U2's rebellious tone.
Later the lyrics became more personal inspired by experiences of members of U2.
Bono has taken part in several other endeavors outside of U2 and has collaborated and recorded with numerous artists.
He has also participated in different business ventures. Bono sits on the board of
Elevation Partners and has refurbished and now owns a hotel with fellow band member,
The Edge.
Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning
Africa.
He has organized and played in several
benefit concerts and has met with several, influential
politicians throughout his lifetime.
Bono has been the subject of both substantial praise and criticism due to his activism and involvement with U2.
Among numerous awards and nominations, Bono has been nominated for the
Nobel Peace Prize, was granted an honorary
knighthood by the
United Kingdom, and was named as a
Person of the Year by
Time.
Biography
Childhood
Paul David Hewson was raised in
Dublin alongside his brother, Norman Hewson, by his mother, Iris Rankin Hewson, a
Protestant, and his father, Brendan Robert "Bob" Hewson, a
Roman Catholic.
[Macphisto.net. (2006). ''U2 Biography - Bono''. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from MacPhisto.net]2 Bono was 14 when his mother died on
10 September 1974 of a
cerebral aneurysm at her father's funeral.
2 Many songs from U2's albums, including "
I Will Follow", "
Mofo", "
Out of Control", "
Lemon" and "
Tomorrow", focus on the loss of his mother.
[Ripperda, J. (1998, February 20). ''Boy - I Will Follow''. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from http://hem.bredband.net/steverud/U2MoL/Boy/follow.html][ McCormick, N. (1997, January 01). Growing Up With U2. ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from [1]]2[Schruers, F. (May 1 1983). U2. ''Musician, 7''.]
Personal life
Bono is married to
Alison Hewson (nee Alison Stewart). Their relationship began in 1975 and the couple was married on
21 August,
1982 in a
Church of Ireland (Anglican) ceremony at
All Saints Church,
Raheny (built by the
Guinness family), with
Adam Clayton acting as Bono's
best man.
[@U2. (Unknown last update). ''Biography:Adam Clayton''. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from atu2.com; Moss, V. (2006, December 24). ''The Unforgettable Sire''. ''Sunday Mirror''. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from The Unforgettable Sire; McIntosh, E. (2006, October 3). In music and love, U2 has staying power. ''Staten Island Advance''.] The couple has four children, Jordan, Memphis Eve, Elijah Bob Patricius and John Abraham.
[IMDB. (Unknown last update). ''Bono - Biography''. Retrieved May 02, 2005, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095104/bio] Bono lives in
Killiney in south
County Dublin,
Ireland, with his family and shares a villa in
Èze in the
Alpes-Maritimes in the south of
France with U2 bandmate
The Edge, as well as an apartment at
The San Remo in
Manhattan.
[1]
Bono is almost never seen in public without wearing
sunglasses. During a ''
Rolling Stone'' interview he stated:
Stage name
Bono on stage in 1983
Hewson attended
Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi denominational school in
Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Hewson and his friends were part of a
surrealist street gang called "Lypton Village," which had a ritual of nickname-giving. He had several names: first, he was "Steinvic von Huyseman", then just "Huyseman", then "Houseman", then "Bon Murray", "Bono Vox of O'Connell Street", and finally just "Bono".
[2]
"Bono Vox" is an alteration of ''Bonavox'', a brand of
hearing aid. The phrase in
Latin translates to "good voice". "Bona Vox" was the name of a hearing aid shop they regularly passed in Dublin. It is said he was nicknamed "Bono Vox" after the shop by his friend
Gavin Friday, of later
Virgin Prunes fame, because he sang so loudly he seemed to be singing for the deaf. Initially, Bono did not like this name. However, when he learned it loosely translated to "good voice", he accepted it. Hewson has been known as "Bono" since the late seventies, even prior to formation of U2. Although he uses Bono as his stage name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono, including his wife and fellow band members.
2
U2
In 1976, Bono responded to an advertisement by fellow student
Larry Mullen, Jr. to form a rock band, as did
The Edge (David Howell Evans),
Dick Evans, and
Adam Clayton. After Dick (nicknamed 'Dik') Evans left the group, the remaining four officially changed the name from "The Hype" to "U2". Initially Bono sang, played guitar, and wrote the band's songs. When The Edge's guitar playing improved, Bono was relegated mostly to the microphone, although he occasionally still plays
rhythm guitar and
harmonica.
Bono writes the lyrics for almost all
U2 songs, often rich in social and political themes.
[Byrne, K. (Unknown last update). ''U2 biography: Bono (from @U2)''. Retrieved February 12 2007, from http://www.atu2.com/band/bono/index.html] Frequently his lyrics allude to a religious connection or meaning, evident in songs such as "
Gloria" from the band's album ''
October'' and "
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For", from the ''
The Joshua Tree'' album.
[Stockman, S. (2005). ''Walk On: The Spiritual Journey Of U2''. Florida: Relevant Books.] During the band's early years, Bono was known for his rebellious tone which turned to political anger and rage during the band's ''
War'', ''
The Joshua Tree'' and ''
Rattle and Hum'' eras.
Following the
Enniskillen bombing that left 11 dead and 63 injured on
8 November 1987, the
Provisional IRA paramilitaries threatened to kidnap Bono. IRA supporters also attacked a vehicle carrying the band members. These acts were in response to his speech condemning the
Remembrance Day Bombing during a live performance of
Sunday Bloody Sunday.
2 The singer had been advised to cut his on-stage outburst from the ''Rattle and Hum'' film, but it was left in.
[Hamlyn, M. (Producer), & Joanou, P. (Director). (1988). ''Rattle and Hum'' [Motion Picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.]
U2's sound and focus dramatically changed with their next album, ''
Achtung Baby''. Bono's lyrics became more personal, inspired by experiences related to the private lives of the members of the band.
During the band's
Zoo TV Tour several of
his stage personas were showcased; these included "The Fly", a stereotypical rock star, the "Mirror Ball Man", a parody of American
televangelists, and "Mr. MacPhisto", a combination of a corrupted rock star and the
Devil.
During performances he attempts to interact with the crowd as often as possible and is known for pulling audience members onto the stage or moving himself down to the physical level of the audience.
2 This has happened on several occasions including at the
Live Aid concert in 1985 where he leapt off the stage, over a security barricade to the floor of the arena, and pulled a woman from the crowd to dance with her as the band played "
Bad", and in 2005 during U2's
Vertigo Tour stop in
Chicago, where he pulled a boy onto the stage during the song "
An Cat Dubh / Into the Heart".
2[O'Hanlon, N. (Producer), & Hamish, H. (Director). (2005). Vertigo 2005//U2 Live From Chicago [Motion Picture]. United States: 3DD Entertainment.]
Bono has won numerous awards with U2, including 22
Grammy awards and a
Golden Globe award for best original song, "
The Hands That Built America" for the film ''
Gangs of New York''.
[GRAMMY Winners List grammy.com. Retrieved October 15 2006][ HFPA. (Unknown last update). ''HFPA Awards Search''. Retrieved February 12 2007, from http://www1.hfpa.org/browse/member/28459] In 2005, the U2 band members were inducted into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility.
[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. (2005) ''Inductee Detail''. Retrieved February 12 2007, from http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=2348]
Other endeavors
In addition to his work with U2, he has collaborated with,
Frank Sinatra,
[Simon, S. (Host). (1993, November 13). ''Weekend Edition Saturday''. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.] Johnny Cash,
[3] Willie Nelson,
[U2. (1998). Slow Dancing. On ''If God Will Send His Angels'' [CD-Single]. New York: Island Records.] Luciano Pavarotti,
[4] Sinéad O'Connor,
[Voyer, R. (2005, October 01). Splendid Magazine reviews Sinéad O'Connor. ''Splendid''. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from ]
http://www.splendidezine.com/review.html?reviewid=1126871570221522 Roy Orbison,
[5] Bob Dylan,
[6] Tina Turner,
[7] and
BB King.
[U2. (1988). When Love Comes to Town. On ''Rattle and Hum'' [CD]. New York: Island Records.] He has recorded with
Ray Charles,
[U2 Wanderer. (Unknown last update). ''U2 Discography - Q's Jook Joint''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.u2wanderer.org/disco/coll23.html] Quincy Jones,
[ Kirk Franklin,][Kirk Franklin. (1998). Lean on me. On ''THE NU NATION PROJECT'' [CD-Album]. Inglewood: GospoCentric Records.] Bruce Springsteen,[Stanley, A. (2007 May 19). ''Bruce Springsteen: THE RISING TOUR 2003-2003 FINAL TOUR STATISTICS''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.echoes.com/greymatter/archives/00000082.html] Tony Bennett,[TonyBennett.net. (Unknown last update). ''Tony Bennett, Columbia Records''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.tonybennett.net/] Clannad,[U2tour.de. (Unknown last update). ''In A Lifetime (Clannad & Bono)''. Retrieved July 04, 2007 from http://www.u2tour.de/discographie/videos/In_A_Lifetime_Clannad__Bono.html] The Corrs,[Cashmere, P. (2004, April 14). The Corrs Record Another Bono Song. ''Undercover Media''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.undercover.com.au/news/2004/apr04/20040414_corrs.html] and Wyclef Jean,[U2Wanderer.org. (Unknown last update). ''U2 Discography - New Day Single''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.u2wanderer.org/disco/newday.html] as well as reportedly completing an unreleased duet with Jennifer Lopez.[Barile, L.A. (2003, March 28). PASSAGES: Jennifer Lopez's Latest Duet. ''People''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,625803,00.html] On Robbie Robertson's 1987 eponymous album, he plays bass guitar and vocals.[Robbie Robertson. (1987). Sweet Fire of Love. On ''Robbie Robertson'' [CD-Album]. Santa Monica: Geffen Records.] On Michael Hutchence's 1999 posthumous eponymous album Bono completed a recording of ''Slide Away'' as a duet with Hutchence.[8]
In 1992, together with The Edge, Bono bought and refurbished Dublin's two-star 70-bedroom Clarence Hotel and converted it into a five-star 49-bedroom hotel.[The Clarence Hotel. (Unknown last update). ''At the Clarence''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.theclarence.ie/dublin_hotel] The Edge and Bono have also recorded several songs together, exclusive of the band. They have also been working on penning the score for the upcoming Spider-Man Musical.[Kit, B. (2007, April 19). Bono, Edge Penning Tunes For 'Spider-Man' Musical. ''Hollywood Reporter''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003574114] Bono is on the board of the Elevation Partners private equity firm, which attempted to purchase Eidos Interactive in 2005 and has since gone on to invest in other entertainment businesses.[Elevation Partners. (2007). ''Introduction to Elevation Partners''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.elevation.com/images/Elevation_Partners_Intro.pdf][Fahey, R. (2005, April 22). Elevation Partners withdraws its offer for Eidos. ''gi''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=8195] Bono is a known Celtic F.C. fan,
In May 2007, MTV reported that Bono is working on a collection of poetry entitled ''"Third Rail"''.[MTV News staff. (2007, May 17). U2 frontman writes forward to poetry collection. ''MTV News''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559829/20070517/panic_at_the_disco.jhtml] Bono said the poetry is inspired by rock music. The book's foreward gives detail of the meanings of the poetry, saying "The poets who fill the pews here have come to testify, to bear witness to the mysterious power of rock and roll...Rock and roll is truly a broad church, but each lights a candle to their vision of what it is."
Bono has also made a large investment in the famous Forbes Media group in the US through his private equity investment firm Elevation Partners. Elevation Partners became the first outsider to invest in the company, taking a minority stake in Forbes Media LLC, a new company encompassing the 89-year-old business which includes Forbes magazine, the Forbes.com website and other assets. The terms of the deal were not disclosed, but reports said the stake was worth about €194 million ($250m).[11] [12]
[13]
Humanitarian work
In a 1986 interview with ''Rolling Stone'' magazine Bono explained that he was motivated to become involved in social and political causes by seeing one of the benefit shows staged by Monty Python's John Cleese and producer Martin Lewis for human rights organization Amnesty International in 1979.[Boyd, B. (2006, October 20). A secret history of the old Ball game. ''Irish Times''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.ireland.com/theticket/articles/2006/1020/1160606784745.html] ''"I saw 'The Secret Policeman's Ball' and it became a part of me. It sowed a seed..."''
Bono and U2 performed on Amnesty's Conspiracy Of Hope tour of the United States in 1986 alongside Sting.[Booth, C. (1986, June 23). Conspiracy of Hope Tour. ''Time, 127''.] U2 also performed in the Band Aid and Live Aid projects organized by Bob Geldof.[Flannery, M. (1985, July 15). Bob Geldof. ''Philadelphia Daily News'', pp. L15.] In 1984, Bono sang on the Band Aid single "Do They Know it's Christmas?/Feed the World" (a role that was reprised on the 2004 Band Aid 20 single of the same name).[Palmer, R. (1985, April 21). Music becomes food for the hungry. ''New York Times'', section 1, page 60, column 1.] Geldof and Bono later collaborated to organize the 2005 Live 8 project where U2 also performed.[Wolinsky, D. (2005, May 31). DMB, U2 Lead Live 8 Shows. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7371363/dmb_u2_lead_live_8_shows]
Since 1999, Bono has become increasingly involved in campaigning for third-world debt relief and raising awareness of the plight of Africa including the AIDS pandemic. In the past decade Bono has met with several influential politicians including United States President George W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin.[Denny, C., & Black, I. (2002, March 15). US and Europe boost aid to poorest countries. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,667739,00.html] During a March 2002 visit to the White House, after President Bush unveiled a $5 billion aid package, he accompanied the President for a speech on the White House lawn. He stated, "This is an important first step, and a serious and impressive new level of commitment. ... This must happen urgently, because this is a crisis."
Bono spoke in advance of President Bush at the 54th Annual National Prayer Breakfast, held at the Hilton Washington Hotel on 2 February, 2006. In a speech peppered with biblical references, Bono encouraged the care of the socially and economically depressed. His comments included a call for an extra 1% "tithe" of the United States' national budget. He brought his Christian views into harmony with other faiths by noting that Christian, Jewish, and Muslim writings all call for the care of the widow, orphan, and stranger. Bono continued by saying much work is left to be done to be a part of God's ongoing purposes.[Bono. (2006, February). ''Remarks at the National Prayer Breakfast.'' Speech presented at Hilton Washington Hotel at Washington, D.C.]
Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa was established in 2002 by Bono and Bobby Shriver, along with activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign.[debt AIDS trade africa. (2007). ''Our Mission''. Retrieved July 07, 2007, from http://www.data.org/about/mission.html] Some of DATA's goals are to eradicate poverty and HIV/AIDS in Africa.
In early 2005, Bono, his wife Ali Hewson, and New York-based Irish fashion designer Rogan Gregory launched the socially conscious line EDUN in an attempt to shift the focus in Africa from aid to trade.[EDUN (Unknown last update). ''About EDUN''. Retrieved March 24, 2007, from http://www.edun.ie/about.asp] EDUN's goal is to use factories in Africa, South America, and India that provide fair wages to workers and practice good business ethics to create a business model that will encourage investment in developing nations.[15]
Product Red is an initiative begun by Bono and Bobby Shriver to raise money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[Persuaders, LLC. (2007). ''What RED Is, How RED Works''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.joinred.com/red/] Bobby Shriver has been announced as the CEO of Product Red, whilst Bono is currently an active public spokesperson for the brand. Product Red is a brand which is licensed to partner companies such as American Express, Apple Computer, Converse, Motorola, The Gap and Giorgio Armani.[Persuaders, LLC. (2007). ''Products''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.joinred.com/products/] Each company creates a product with the Product Red logo and a percentage of the profits from the sale of these labelled products will go to the Global Fund.[16]
Bono was a special guest editor of the July 2007 issue of Vanity Fair magazine.[Bono. (July 2007). Guest Editor's Letter. ''Vanity Fair''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2007/07/bono200707] The issue was named "The Africa Issue" and featured 20 different cover shots done by famed photographer, Annie Leibovitz.[just jared dot com (2007, June 06). ''Vanity Fair "Africa Issue" 2007''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://justjared.buzznet.com/2007/06/06/vanity-fair-africa-issue-2007/] These covers featured 21 people who are well known for their connections or work in and for Africa. The idea of the cover was to be a "visual chain letter" and features two people (a few with three) per cover. The 20 covers featured the following people: Don Cheadle, Barack Obama, Muhammad Ali, Bono, Her Majesty Queen Rania of Jordan, Condoleezza Rice, George W. Bush, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Brad Pitt, Djimon Hounsou, Madonna, Maya Angelou, Chris Rock, Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, Oprah Winfrey, George Clooney, Jay-Z, Alicia Keys, and Iman Abdulmajid.
Praise and criticism
Recognition
★ In 2004, Bono was awarded the Pablo Neruda International Presidential Medal of Honour from the Government of Chile.[17]
★ Bono was a nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003, 2005 and 2006.[Unknown Author. (2003, February 18). Bono Among Nobel Peace Prize Nominees. ''WNBC''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from Bono Among Nobel Peace Prize Nominees][Unknown Author. (2005, February 25). Bono given chance for Peace Prize. ''The Scotsman''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=596&id=214402005 Scotsman.com]][ Mellgren, D. (2006, February 24). Bono Among Nobel Peace Prize Nominees. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from Bono Among Nobel Peace Prize Nominees]
★ Bono is the only person in history to have been nominated for an Academy Award, Golden Globe, Grammy, and Nobel Peace Prize.[18]
★ ''Time'' named Bono one of the "100 Most Influential People" in its May 2004 special issue,[19] and again in the 2006 Time 100 special issue.[19]
★ In 2005, Bono was named by ''Time'' as a Person of the Year along with Bill and Melinda Gates.[Gibbs, N. (2005, December 26). The Good Samaritans. ''Time, 166''.]
★ In 2005, he received the Portuguese Order of Liberty for his humanitarian work.[21]
★ Bono was named in the United Kingdom's 2007 New Years Honours List as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.[[Unknown Author] (2006, December 23). Honorary knighthood for U2's Bono. ''BBC News''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from BBC.co.uk][[Unknown Author] (2006, December 23). Bono gets honorary knighthood. ''RTÉ News''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from RTE] He was formally granted knighthood on 29 March 2007 in a ceremony at the residence of British Ambassador David Reddaway in Dublin, Ireland.[[Unknown Author], (2007, March 29). Don't call him 'sir': U2's Bono knighted. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved March 29 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17854722/]
★ He is listed as one of the 100 Greatest Britons, a poll conducted by the general public.[British Broadcasting Corporation. (2002, August 21). ''100 great British heroes''. Retrieved July 04, 2007, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm]
★ Bono received the NAACP Image Award's Chairman's Award in 2007.[22]
★ On 24 May 2007, the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia announced that Bono will receive the Philadelphia Liberty Medal on 27 September 2007 for his work to end world poverty and hunger.[23]
Criticism
In 2003, during the Golden Globe Awards ceremony being broadcast live by NBC, Bono referred to his reception of his band's award for "The Hands That Built America" as being "really, really fucking brilliant!"[24] In response, the Parents Television Council condemned Bono for his profanity and started a campaign for its members to file complaints with the FCC.[25] Although Bono's use of "fuck" violated FCC indecency standards, the FCC refused to fine NBC because the network did not receive advance notice of the consequences of broadcasting such profanity and the profanity in question was not used in its literal sexual meaning.[26]
Bono and the other members of U2 moved part of their multi-million euro song catalogue from Ireland to a tax shelter in Amsterdam, six months before Ireland ended a tax exemption on musicians' royalties.[27] Until then U2 benefited from the artists' tax exemption introduced by the late Taoiseach Charles Haughey. Future income will fall under Dutch tax law, which charges bands like U2 very low to nonexistent tax rates.27 By moving its major assets to Amsterdam U2 no longer pays tax on income from their artistic ventures as residents in Ireland.[28] Moving their taxable status to a nation with a lower tax rate, U2 may have also placed a greater tax burden on others in their homeland.[29] U2's manager, Paul McGuinness, stated that the arrangement is legal and customary and businesses often seek to minimize their tax burdens.27 The move prompted criticisms in the Oireachtas (Irish parliament).28[30]
On December 15, 2005 Paul Theroux published an op-ed in the New York Times called ''The Rock Star's Burden'' criticizing Bono, Brad Pitt, and Angelina Jolie as "mythomaniacs, people who wish to convince the world of their worth." Theroux, who lived in Africa as a Peace Corps Volunteer and a university teacher, added that "the impression that Africa is fatally troubled and can be saved only by outside help—not to mention celebrities and charity concerts—is a destructive and misleading conceit." [31] Bono responded to critics in Times Online on February 19, 2006 calling them "cranks carping from the sidelines. A lot of them wouldn’t know what to do if they were on the field. They’re the party who will always be in opposition so they’ll never have to take responsibility for decisions because they know they’ll never be able to implement them." [32]
See also
★ U2
★ Ali Hewson
★ Bono on Bono
★ ONE Campaign
References
Further reading
★ Assayas, Michka. (2005). ''Bono on Bono: Conversations with Michka Assayas''. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
★ Vagacs, R. (2005). ''Religious Nuts, Political Fanatics: U2 in Theological Perspective''. Eugene: Cascade Books.
★ Stockman, S. (2005). ''Walk On: The Spiritual Journey Of U2''. Lake Mary: Relevant Books.
Notes
1. Scott, P. (2006, August 11). St Bono the hypocrite? ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from St Bono the hypocrite?
2. Bono on Bono: Conversations with Michka Assayas, , Michka, Assayas, Hodder & Stoughton, , ISBN 0-340-83276-2
3. Lost Highway Records. (2005, October 10). ''News''. Retrieved May 05, 2007, from http://www.johnnycashmusic.com/news.html
4. Louie, R. (1996, February 6). Short Takes. ''Buffalo News''. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from Opera man Luciano Pavarotti wants to be hip
5. Orbison, R. (1989). She's a Mystery to Me. On ''Mystery Girl'' [CD]. London: Virgin Records.
6. Bono (1984, August 10). BONO, BOB AND VAN. ''Hot Press''
7. Various Artists. (1995). Goldeneye. On ''Goldeneye: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'' [CD]. New York: Virgin Records
8. Williams, L. (2006) Michael Hutchence's Brother Praises Kylie And Bono for their discretion and respect 8/15/2006. Retrieved 6/6/07.
9. (1998) Sport: Football - Keep Celtic alive and kicking: Kerr. BBC Online. Retrieved 6/6/07.
10. BONO JUDGES JIM KERR OFFSIDE ON CELTIC SHOWBIZ CONSORTIUM
11. http://www.rte.ie/arts/2006/0809/bono.html
12. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/business/media/07carr.html?ex=1312603200&en=b8fb77fc36f9c303&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
13. http://http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2006/08/bono_buys_into.html
14. Harris, K. (2005, April 23). Bono Upset at PM. ''Toronto Sun''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.torontosun.com/News/Canada/2005/04/23/1009529-sun.html
15. EDUN. (Unknown Last Update). ''FAQs''. Retrieved Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.edun.ie/faq.asp
16. Smykil, J. (2006, November 4). Update: The Other Red meat "charity". Message posted to arstechnica.com; Macintouch Reader Reports. (2006, November 7). ''Fraud Reports: Jack Campbell''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from macintouch.com
17. Langlois, F. (2004, September 23). John Ralston Saul awarded the Pablo Neruda International Presidential Medal of Honour. ''Governor General of Canada''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4267
18. Bono. Internet Movie Database. Unknown author. retrieved April 10 2007 from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095104/bio
19.
20.
21. Revista Visão. Retrieved March 30 2007, from http://visao.clix.pt/default.asp?CpContentId=327396
22. Bono Receives 38th NIA Chairman's Award
23. [2]
24. Appeals court throws out FCC indecency ruling
25.
26. FCC Says Bono Profanity Violated Standards, but Won't Fine NBC Frank Ahrens
27. The Netherlands, the New Tax Shelter Hot Spot Lynnley Browning
28. Bono, Preacher on Poverty, Tarnishes Halo With Irish Tax Move
29. U2 move their assets out of Ireland Tom Peterkin ; Strom, D. (2007, January 8). Kudos for Bono. ''Townhall.com''. Retrieved January 14 2007, from http://www.townhall.com/columnists/DavidStrom/2007/01/08/kudos_for_bono
30. They live like aristocrats. Now they think like them Marina Hyde
31. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/opinion/15theroux.html
32. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article732323.ece
External links
★ U2.com - Official U2 website
★ DATA (Debt, AIDS, trade, Africa) - Bono's organization
★ EDUN - Fashion label started by Bono and his wife Ali
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