Flag of Bnei Menashe
The 'Bnei Menashe' ("Children of
Menasseh",
Hebrew ×‘× ×™ ×ž× ×©×”) are a group of more than 8,000 people from
India's
North-Eastern border states of
Manipur and
Mizoram who claim descent from one of the
Lost Tribes of Israel. Linguistically, they are
Tibeto-Burmans and belong to the
Mizo,
Kuki and
Chin peoples (the terms are virtually interchangeable)
[1][2].
They are called Chin in Burma.
Depending upon their affiliations, each tribe refers to itself as Kuki, Mizo,
Zomi or Chin. It is however more common for people to identify themselves by their subtribe, each of whom has its own distinct dialect and identity.
The breakaway Judaic group was named Bnei Menashe by Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail
[3] because they believe that the legendary Kuki-Mizo ancestor Manmasi
[4] is one and the same with
Menasseh, son of Joseph.
History and legends
Prior to their conversion to
Christianity in the 19th Century, the Chin-Kuki-Mizo were
headhunters and
animists [5]
[6]
[7] who migrated in waves from East Asia until they settled in northeastern India. They have no written history but their legends refer to a beloved homeland they were driven away from called Sinlung/Chhinlung
[8]. Anthropologists and historians believe that it was located in China's
Yunnan province and that the Tibeto-Burman migration from there began about 6000 years ago.
National Geographic's
Genographic Project plans to sample the gene pool of northeastern Indian tribes which may shed definitive light on their origins
[9].
The Bnei Menashe believe that the traditional Mizo-Kuki harvest festival song "Sikpui Hla (Sikpui Song)" which features events paralleled in the
Book of Exodus, such as enemies chasing them over a red-coloured sea
[10], quails
[11], and a pillar of cloud
10is clear evidence of their Israelite ancestry. Translation of the lyrics:
''While we are preparing for the Sikpui Feast,
''The big red sea becomes divided;
''As we march along fighting our foes,''
''We are being led by pillar of cloud by day,''
''And pillar of fire by night.
''Our enemies, O ye folks, are thick with fury,''
''Come out with your shields and arrows.''
''Fighting our enemies all day long,''
''We march forward as cloud-fire goes before us.''
''The enemies we fought all day long,''
''The big sea swallowed them like wild beast.''
''Collect the quails,''
''And draw the water that springs out of the rock.''
[1]
The April 1, 2007 edition of the Jerusalem Post reports that this ancient song is called "Miriam's song" among the Bnei Menashe, and that they believe it to be analogous to the
Song of the sea.
[2]
Revivalism
During the first Welsh missionary-led Christian Revivalism movement which swept through the Mizo Hills in 1906, indigenous festivals, feasts and traditional songs and chants were strictly prohibited by the missionaries. This policy was abandoned during the 1919-24 Revival and the Mizos began writing their own hymns and incorporating indigenous elements thereby creating their own distinct form of worship
[12].
Dr. Shalva Weil, an anthropologist at
Hebrew University, quotes Steven Fuchs in her paper Dual Conversion Among the Shinlung of North-East India
[13]: "...revivalism (among the Mizo) is a recurrent phenomenon distinctive of the Welsh form of
Presbyterianism. Certain members of the congregation who easily fall into ecstasy are believed to be visited by the Holy Ghost and the utterings are received as prophecies" (1965: 16). McCall (1949) records several incidents of revivalism including the "Kelkang incident" in which three men "spoke in tongues" claiming to be the medium through which God spoke to men. Their following was large and widespread until they clashed with the colonial Superintendent who put down the movement and removed the "sorcery" (1949: 220-223)".
Challianthanga's vision
According to the Bnei Menashe, in 1951, a Pentecostalist called Challianthanga or Mela Chala (the name varies) from Buallawn village dreamt that God instructed him to direct his people to return to their pre-Christian religion, which he determined to be
Judaism, and to return to their original homeland,
Israel[14]. The Bnei Menashe believe that Challianthanga/MC and several followers set out on foot through the hilly jungles of North East India towards Israel but had to give up due to the sheer distance and terrain.
Despite this setback, the number of believers rose steadily (estimated to have risen by 50% in recent years) and their claims gained wider credence in the 1980s when a self-taught researcher, Zaithanchhungi, purported to have discovered similarities between their ancient
animist rituals and those of Biblical Judaism, such as sacrifices
[15][16].
Shalva Weil writes that "although there is no documentary evidence linking the tribal peoples in North-East India with the myth of the Lost Israelites, it appears likely that, as with revivalism, the concept was introduced by the missionaries as part of their general millenarian leanings (Samra, 1991). This was certainly the case in other countries, where Christian missionaries "discovered" Lost Tribes in far-flung places, in order to speed up the messianic era and bring on the Redemption. In China, for example, the Scottish missionary Rev. T. F. Torrance entitled his 1937 book "China’s Ancient Israelites" expounding the theory that the Chiang-Min are really Lost Israelites (Torrance, 1937)".
Amishav and Shavei Israel
1979: Amishav (Hebrew for "My People Return"), an Israeli organisation founded by Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail and dedicated to locating the lost tribes of Israel, heard about a group in India claiming descent from Israelites. The Rabbi traveled to India several times during the 1980s to investigate the claims. Convinced that the Bnei Menashe were indeed descendants of Israelites, he dedicated himself to converting them to Orthodox Judaism and facilitating their
aliya with funds provided by benefactors such as the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, a US-Israeli organisation which raises funds from evangelical Christians for Jewish causes.
In 1998,
Hillel Halkin, a US-Israeli translator and New York Sun columnist, travelled to India with Rabbi Avichail to meet the Bnei Menashe and wrote a book about it entitled ''Across The Sabbath River'' (2002).
The Rabbi eventually stepped aside as leader of Amishav in favour of Michael Freund, a Jerusalem Post columnist and former deputy director of communications & policy planning in the Prime Minister's office. Freund went on to found Shavei Israel.
In a July 2006 interview with North-East Indian magazine Grassroots Options, Hillel Halkin explained the background: "Avichail is today a man in his seventies, and several years ago, persuaded that Amishav needed younger leadership, he ceded his position to an American-Israeli journalist, Michael Freund. The two (Avichail and Freund) ultimately quarreled over organisational matters, and Freund left Amishav and founded a new organization called Shavei Israel. Both men have their supporters within the B’nei Menashe community in Israel, although Avichail continues to be the more influential and admired figure. Kuki-Mizo tribal rivalries and clans have also played a role in the split, with some groups supporting one man and some the other. Because Freund is independently wealthy, Shavei Israel is the better funded of the two organisations and has been able to conduct more activities, particularly in the area of supporting Jewish education for the B'nei Menashe in Aizawl and Imphal".
[17]
Freund says that the Bnei Menashe "are a blessing to the State of Israel. They have proved themselves to be dedicated Jews and committed Zionists, and I see no reason why they should not be allowed to immigrate to Israelâ€
[18]
In July 2005, the Bnei Menashe of Mizoram completed building a
mikvah, or a Jewish ritual bath, under the supervision of Israeli rabbis in order to begin the process of
conversion to Judaism.
[19] Shortly after, a similar Mikvah was built in Manipur. In mid-2005, with the help of Shavei Israel and the local council of
Kiryat Arba, the Bnei Menashe opened its first community centre in Israel.
Acceptance
On March 31 2005,
Sephardi Rabbi
Shlomo Amar, one of Israel's two
chief rabbis, accepted the Bnei Menashe's claim because of their exemplary devotion to Judaism.
[20] His decision was significant because it paved the way for all of the Bnei Menashe to enter Israel under Israel's
Law of Return.
Although the claims of Israelite descent are rejected by most Mizo-Kuki-Chin and called into serious question by Jewish academics, the Bnei Menashe are unshakable in their belief. Indeed, Bnei Menashe who wish to affirm their connection to the Jewish people are required to undergo Orthodox conversions, and every effort is made to ensure that they are accepted according to the strictest interpretation of Jewish law.
In the past two decades, some 1,300 Bnei Menashe have moved to Israel. Learning Hebrew has been a great challenge, especially for the older generation, for whom the phonology of their native languages makes Hebrew especially challenging, both phonologically and morphologically. Younger members have more opportunities to learn Hebrew and gain employment as soldiers and nurses aides for the elderly and infirm.
[21]
Disengagement
When Prime Minister
Ariel Sharon announced his plan for the
disengagement of Jewish settlements from the Gaza Strip and several settlements in the West Bank, the Bnei Menashe community was especially affected because most of them were settled in the occupied territories. Prior to Israel's withdrawal, the Bnei Menashe were the largest immigrant community in Gaza
[22].
The Bnei Menashe left in India worried about family members who they feared were in the middle of violent confrontations between settlers and IDF soldiers . They were also concerned because they thought of Gaza as their future homeland once they made
aliyah. Although a group of Bnei Menashe moved out of Gaza before the deadline, others stayed with their fellow settlers during the disengagement.
[23][24]
[25]
Controversy in Israel
In June 2003, Interior Minister Avraham Poraz halted Bnei Menashe immigration to Israel following charges by Ofir Pines-Paz (Minister of Science and Technology, 2006) that the Bnei Menashe were “being cynically exploited for political purposes" because they were being settled in Gaza and the West Bank. Arutz Sheva quoted Rabbi Eliyahu Birnbaum, a rabbinical judge dealing with the conversion of Bnei Menashe, as saying that the Knesset Absorption Committee's decision was one of "ignorance, racism, and unjustifiable hate"
[26].
The
Shalom Achshav - Peace Now movement claimed that the conversion/migration was being encouraged to help offset the prospect of an Arab majority in Israel in the near future and that the Bnei Menashe were economic, rather than religious, migrants.
Rabbi Eliyahu Birnbaum says that community members who move to Israel in fact suffer financially because their move is motivated by a desire to return to the Holy Land and not material gain
26.
Michael Freund believes that the Bnei Menashe could help with Israel's demographic problem saying "I believe that groups like the Bnei Menashe constitute a large, untapped demographic and spiritual reservoir for Israel and the Jewish people."
[27]
With the March 2005 decision by Rabbi Amar, the immigration issue seemed to have been rendered moot. The Bnei Menashe's Orthodox conversion would in the future be conducted in India, and they would be recognized as wholly Jewish prior to their arrival in Israel. However, this solution was short-lived because the government of India, under pressure from Mizo-Kuki churches, objected formally to the conversion of its citizens.
Controversy in India
The rapid rise in conversions alarmed the staunchly evangelical Mizo-Kuki churches and ignited a furious controversy in Mizoram, culminating in top-rated television debates.
In April 2005, Rev Chuauthuama of the Aizawl Theological College told the Deccan Herald, "There may be some similarities between the customs of any two communities of the world. Some customs of the Mizos may resemble those of the Israelites. But that doesn’t mean that our ancestors were Israelites and Jews"
[28].
Aizawl Christian Research Centre's Dr Biaksiama, a former joint comptroller at the Ministry of Defence said that “the mass conversion by foreign priests will pose a threat not only to social stability in the region, but also to national security. A large number of people will forsake loyalty to the Union of India, as they all will become eligible for a foreign citizenshipâ€. He wrote a book ''Mizo Nge Israel?'' (Mizo or Israeli?) which "tells us our real identity, the identity with which we are recognised by God and the world"
[29].
In March, 2004, Dr Biaksiama had a showdown on television with
Lalchanhima Sailo, founder of Chhinlung Israel People's Convention (CIPC), a secessionist Mizo organization.
[30]
[31] Lalchanhima Sailo says CIPC's aim is not migration to Israel but to have the United Nations declare the areas inhabited by Mizo tribes an independent nation for Mizo Israelites
[3]
Israel halts conversions
'November 2005': the Israeli government halted all conversions of the Bnei Menashe in India, saying it was straining relations between the two countries. Indian officials reportedly expressed concern about the conversions and indicated mass conversions are considered illegal in India. Concern may have been triggered after a task force from the Rabbinic Court travelled to India in September 2005 to complete the conversion process for 218 Bnei Menashe.
Foreign Ministry official Amos Nadai told the Knesset, "Perhaps under previous Indian governments we had more diplomatic leeway to reach creative solutions. We could have tried to explain that Bnei Menashe have already embraced Judaism and that the conversion is only a technical thing."
[32]
The decision by the Israeli government led to criticism from supporters of the Bnei Menashe who say Israeli officials failed to explain to the Indian government that the rabbis were not
proselytising, but rather formalizing the conversions of Bnei Menashe who had already accepted Judaism.
The Indian government's complaint was also criticized by some
Hindu groups in India, who claim that the Indian government takes Christian complaints more seriously than theirs, and that Hindus have complained for years about Christian proselytizing without government response.
[33]
'July, 2006': Israeli Immigration Absorption Minister Zeev Boim said that the 218 Bnei Menashe who were formally converted in 2005 by the Chief Rabbinate "would be allowed to come here, but first the government must decide what its policy will be towards those who have yet to (formally) convert"
[34] .
Michael Freund responded: "If Boim wants to devise an overall policy concerning the 7,000 remaining members of the Bnei Menashe community, let him go ahead and do so. But what does that have to do with the 218 who have already converted? Neither Boim nor anyone else has the right to stall, delay, defer or postpone their arrival, or to link it to some protracted bureaucratic decision-making process. The Absorption Ministry's position is illegal and immoral. It runs counter to the basic values of Zionism and Judaism"
[35].
Freund then engaged a prominent lawyer to take the minister to the Supreme Court if he did not immediately facilitate the arrival of the Bnei Menashe.
'November 2006': The 218 members of Bnei Menashe arrive in Israel and are resettled in Upper
Nazareth and
Karmiel. Michael Freund gave the Jerusalem Post several reasons for settling the newcomers in the North including the fact that the government has encouraged more people to settle in the Galilee and the Negev. "And after what the North went through this summer during the Lebanon war, it is especially meaningful that the Bnei Menashe will help to strengthen and revitalize this part of Israel".
"Ultimately, our goal is to see the Bnei Menashe fully integrated into Israeli society," he said, adding "the surest sign of success will be when there are Bnei Menashe immigrants living in all parts of this country, from
Kiryat Shmona in the North to
Eilat in the South."
Controversial DNA tests
In 2003, Hillel Halkin initiated a collection of 350 genetic samples from Mizo-Kuki which were tested at Haifa's Technion - Israel Institute of Technology under the auspices of Prof. Karl Skorecki. According to the late Mizo research scholar Isaac Hmar who helped collect the samples and wrote about it in March 2005 for Manipur website e-pao.net, no evidence was found which would indicate a Middle-Eastern origin for Mizo-Chin-Kuki .
A 2004 DNA test at Kolkota's Central Forensic Science Laboratory then claimed to have discovered evidence of Middle Eastern genes among a sample of Mizo-Kuki-Chin in an internet paper titled
Tracking the genetic imprints of lost Jewish tribes among the gene pool of Kuki-Chin-Mizo population of India.
[36] The paper remains unreviewed as of
February 2007.
In an April 2005 Haaretz report by Yair Sheleg entitled ''In Search of Jewish Chromosomes in India'', Professor Skorecki says the Kolkota geneticists "did not do a complete `genetic sequencing' of all the DNA and therefore it is hard to rely on the conclusions derived from a `partial sequencing, and they themselves admit this". He added that "the absence of a genetic match still does not say that the Kuki do not have origins in the Jewish people, as it is possible that after thousands of years it is difficult to identify the traces of the common genetic origin. However, a positive answer can give a significant indication."
Hillel Halkin: "I contacted two of its authors, V.K. Kashyap and Bhaswar Maity, with a request for additional information that would enable us to evaluate their findings more scientifically. Unfortunately, this information was never given us, nor have Kashyap and Maity taken the next step of publishing their paper in a scientific journal, which would have required it to pass peer review and to display a higher level of scientific argumentation than that of the Internet paper. Why they have behaved this way is a mystery".
In the July 2006 GrassrootsOptions.org interview, Halkin says that "laboratory analysis has shown that, with one or two possible exceptions, they fail to demonstrate any link between Kuki-Mizo haplotypes, or DNA profiles, and haplotypes typical of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East such as are common among Jews. In plain language, the study has so far come up with no clear evidence that the Kuki-Mizos, or any part of them, have a biblical “lost tribe†past". He says that in any case, Jewish DNA testing has never been and can never be a requirement in applications for Israeli citizenship. "My conclusions from my research, expounded at length in my book Across The Sabbath River, are that, although the overwhelming majority of Kuki-Mizos are not descended from the “lost tribe†of Manasseh, small numbers of them probably are. It is this small group that has transmitted certain biblical memories, traditions, and customs to the Kuki-Mizo people as a whole" [33].
'14 November 2006': In a Jerusalem Post article about an Indian historian's claims of finding a genetic link between his Northern Indian Pathan clan and the Lost Tribe of Ephraim, Halkin states that "there's no such thing as Jewish DNA. There is a [genetic] pattern which is very common in the Middle East, and 40% of Jews worldwide have it. But many non-Jews and people in the Middle East have it also"
[4].
Timeline (modern)
★ 1894: Christian missionaries commence work among the tribal populations in the territories now known as Manipur and Mizoram. By the 1980s, almost all the population of Mizoram had accepted Christianity; In Manipur, around 30% (this being essentially the proportion of the tribal population of the state)
★ 1951: A tribal leader named Challianthanga had a dream in which his people returned to Israel, and shared it with his community, which led some members of the tribe to adopt Jewish traditions, combined with faith in Jesus as the Messiah.
★ 1975: Several hundred Bnei Menashe begin practicing Judaism rejecting the faith in Jesus.
★ 1979: Jewish group “Amishav†takes up their case.
★ 1980's: First contact with Israel made.
★ 1994-2003: with the help of Jewish organizations, 800 Bnei Menashe make Aliyah to Israel, most settle in Jewish settlements.
★ 2003: Israeli Interior Minister Avraham Poraz freezes their immigration indefinitely.
★ August 2004: In response to the Israeli government decision to stop their immigration, Israeli Chief Sephardi Rabbi Shlomo Amar sends a rabbinical fact-finding committee to investigate the Jewish roots of the Bnei Menashe.
★ March 2005: Historic decision is made by Israeli Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar, announcing the state of Israel’s recognition of the Bnei Menashe as part of the lost tribe of Menashe, and therefore they can now immigrate to Israel under the Law of Return, but only after a complete Jewish conversion, due to the fact that they have been separated from Judaism for millennia.
★ August 2005: 146 Bnei Menashe are forced to evacuate the Gaza Strip as part of Ariel Sharon's disengagement plan. [22]
★ September 2005: A
beth din fully converts 700 Bnei Menashe to Judaism (219 from Mizoram) [23]. An estimated 9,000 people still await conversion.
★ November 2005: Israel agrees to halt converting the Bnei Menashe after pressure from the Indian government. The entire rabbinical team is pulled out of the country.
★ January 2006: Bnei Menashe scholar in Israel, Allenby Sela, heads the publication of four out of the five Books of Moses in the Mizo language, making it easier for them to study the Torah in their native tongue.
★ Nov 2006 - First batch of 100 Mizoram’s ‘lost Jews’ leave for Israel
[37]★ August 2007 - More than 200 Bnei Menasche arrive in Israel
[39]
References and notes
1. Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages Vijayanand Kommaluri, R. Subramanian, and Anand Sagar K
2. People-in-Country Profile
3. The politics of ‘Lost Tribe’
4. Kuki, Chin, Mizo-Hmar's Israelite Origin; Myth or Reality? Lal Dena
5. The Role of Christianity in Chin Society Salai Za Uk Ling
6. Lost — and Found? - Across the Sabbath River: In Search of a Lost Tribe of Israel - Book Review David Klinghoffer
7. Churches in North East India Ms. Awala Longkumer
8. Mizoram History
9. Ramasamy Pitchappan Investigator Profile
10. Mizo-Kuki's Claim Of Their Jewish Origin: Its impact on Mizo society Isaac L. Hmar
11. 'Extinct' quail sighted in India
12. 'Showers of Blessing': Revival Movements in the Khassia Hilss and Mukti Mission in Early Tewentieth-Century India Sebastian Chang-Hwan Kim
13. Dual Conversion Among the Shinlung of North-East India Shalva Weil
14. Lost Tribe of Israel? Michael Fathers
15. Mizoram, Manipur believe they are lost tribes of Israel
16. Long-lost Jews Michael Freund
17. Interview with Hillel Halkin Linda Chhakchhuak
18. NE Jews pine for ‘Promised Land’ Anirban Bhaumik
19. India's lost tribe recognised as Jews after 2,700 years Peter Foster
20. Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'
21. Exodus of Indian Jews from north-east to Israel Harinder Mishra
22. Indians make up largest immigrant group in Gaza Amiram Barkat
23. 'Lost Tribe' Jews move again with Gaza withdrawal Amelia Thomas
24. Back to an ancient home Eli Ashkenazi
25. Gaza Strip jitters for Mizoram Jews - families fear for relatives Samir K. Purkayastha
26. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=45241
27. 'Lost Tribe' makes aliyah Jessica Steinberg
28. Judaism threatens Church in Mizoram, Manipur
29. New Book X-Rays 'Baseless' Mizo Israel Identity David M. Thangliana
30. Mizoram: A State of Israel in South East Asia Simon Says
31. An emerging Israel in Mizoram Simon Says
32. Bnei Menashe conversions halted Matthew Wagner
33. UPA Government goes out to help conversion Surya Narain Saxena
34. Bnei Menashe aliya, conversions halted pending government review Hilary Leila Kreiger
35. Let my people come Michael Freund
36. DNA tests prove that Mizo people are descendants of a lost Israeli tribe Tathagata Bhattacharya
37. Mizoram’s ‘lost Jews’ leave for Israel
38. Indian Jews immigrate to Israel
39. More Than 200 Bnei Menashe Arriving in Israel
Films
★ ''Quest for the Lost Tribes''. Directed by
Simcha Jacobovici. The stills for this film were done by Stephen Epstein webmaster of
[5]
★ ''Return of the Lost Tribe''. Directed by Phillipe Stroun
See also
★
Amishav
★
Shavei Israel
★
Jews in India
★
Mizoram
★
Bene Ephraim
★
Biblical zionism
★
Gathering of Israel
External links
★
Amishav webpage
★
Shavei Israel webpage
★
Bnei Menashe webpage
★
BBCNews: Mizo 'Jews' seek Israel visas
★
BBCNews: India's 'lost Jews' wait in hope
★
Arutz Sheva: Rabbinate Accepts Bnei Menashe as Lost Tribe
★
BBC: Israeli 'tribe' faces another move
★
'Lost tribe' still dreaming of Israel at
Ynetnews
★
Israel set to welcome Indian 'lost' Jewish tribe -- September 2006
★
Bnei Menashe website
★
Kulanu - Lost Tribes
★
Indian Jews immigrate to Israel ''
The Hindu'', Nov 22, 2006
★
BBCNews: 'Lost Tribe' returns to Israel, Dec 11, 2006
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