 | pacific maritime this is a video project done in mr.moris's geo class by Andrew Reynolds in grade 9 |
 | L'arbre de l'amour (Tree of Love) ... claymation project for atlantic maritime ecozone in geo. :) |
 | Pacific Maritime Ecozone Ad A Pacific Maritime Ecozone Advertisement. |
 | Holland Holland Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century, Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland. The name "Holland" first appeared in the sources in 866 for the region around Haarlem and was by 1064 being used for the name of the entire county. By this time the inhabitants of Holland were referring to themselves as "Hollanders".[1] "Holland" is derived from the Middle Dutch term holtland ("wooded land"). This spelling variation remained in use until around the 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as "Holland" (alternative spellings at the time: "Hollant" or "Hollandt"). Popular, but incorrect, etymology holds that "Holland" is derived from hol land ("hollow land") and was inspired by the low-lying geography of Holland. Usage The proper name of the area in both Dutch and English is "Holland". "Holland" is a part of the Netherlands. "Holland" is informally and quite incorrectly used in English and other languages, including sometimes the Dutch language itself, to mean the whole of the modern country of the Netherlands. (This example of pars pro toto or synecdoche is similar to the tendency to refer to Great Britain as "England".) The people of Holland are referred to as "Hollanders" in both Dutch and English. Today this refers specifically to people from the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland. The term "Hollanders" does not refer to people from the other provinces in the Netherlands. Indeed, many Dutch people would resent being referred to as "Hollanders" in the same way that many people from Scotland would resent being referred to as "English". When referring to the Netherlands as a whole, the adjective is "Dutch". "Dutch" is not used as an adjective for "Holland" in a modern context because "Dutch" refers to all of the Netherlands, not just Holland. However, there is a good deal of confusion about this. In actual practice, the adjective "Dutch" is often (but somewhat inaccurately) used in the specific context of Holland. In Dutch, the Dutch word "Hollands" is the adjectival form for "Holland", but in English there is no commonly used adjective for "Holland". "Hollands" is ordinarily expressed in English in two ways: a possessive construction (e.g. "Holland's economic power"); or an "of Holland" or "from Holland" construction (e.g. "the Maid of Holland"; "a girl from Holland"). The following usages apply in certain limited situations but do not ordinarily serve as the English equivalent of the commonly used Dutch adjective "Hollands". Occasionally, the noun "Holland" is used in apposition (e.g. "the Holland Society"). The adjective "Hollandic" is occasionally used by some historians and other academic writers as an adjective for Holland. Historians who use the word tend to reserve it to pre-Napoleonic Holland. Historically the English word "Dutch" had a different, broader meaning that could occasionally include "Hollands". The adjective "Hollandish" is a word in English, but is currently no longer in use. |
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 | Holland Canal District Territory and political structure Holland" is not in itself a province of the Netherlands. It is divided into two provinces of the Netherlands -- North Holland (Noord-Holland) and South Holland (Zuid-Holland). These provinces were created in 1840 largely because it was unacceptable for Holland to remain such an overwhelmingly large and powerful province in comparison to the other provinces. A few regions that were historically part of Holland have been ceded to other provinces. Some cessions occurred as a result of reforms during the French occupation (1795-1813). In 1818 Willemstad and surroundings, the Biesbosch and the Land van Altena became part of the provice of North Brabant. In 1942, after the Battle of the Netherlands, the Germans transferred the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling to the province of Friesland. This was not changed back after World War II. In 1950, the island of Urk went to the province of Overijssel and then in 1986 to the province of Flevoland. In 1970 Oudewater was transferred from South Holland to the province of Utrecht. In 1989 Woerden was transferred from South Holland to the province of Utrecht. In 2000 's-Graveland and Kortenhoef, both in the province of North-Holland, were merged withLoosdrecht in the Province of Utrecht. In 2002 Vianen was transferred from South Holland to the province of Utrecht. The municipality of Eemnes has a co-operation with Laren and Blaricum. They are collectively referred to as the "BEL region". [edit] History Each of the provinces in the Netherlands has a history that deserves full attention on its own. However, to a certain extent at least, the history of Holland is the history of the Netherlands, and vice versa. See the article on "History of the Netherlands" for a more detailed history. The article here focuses on those points that are specific to Holland itself or that highlight the nature of the role played by Holland in the Netherlands as a whole. [edit] Reclamation of the land The land that is now Holland had never been stable. Historical maps of Holland bear little resemblance to the maps of today. Over the millennia the geography of the region had been dynamic. The western coastline shifted up to thirty kilometres to the east and storm surges regularly wreaked havoc with the coastline. The coastline was constantly changing. The Frisian Isles, originally joined to the mainland, became detached islands in the north. At some point the sea broke a natural barrier and rushed in to fill in the area that used to be called the Zuiderzee (now the IJsselmeer). The main rivers, the Rhine and the Meuse (Maas), flooded regularly and changed course repeatedly and dramatically. The people of Holland found themselves living in an unstable, watery environment. Behind the row of coastal dunes a peat plateau had grown. Much of the area was marsh and bog. The inhabitants set about cultivating this land by draining it. By the tenth century this area was brought under cultivation. The drainage however resulted in extreme soil shrinkage, lowering the surface of the land by up to fifteen metres. Benthuizen polder, seen from a dikeThis combination of factors threatened the inhabitants. There were catastrophic floods that literally washed away entire regions and killed thousands. The early inhabitants understand that human intervention was needed to save the land. The counts and large monasteries took the lead in these efforts, building the first heavy emergency dikes to bolster critical points. Later special administrative bodies were formed, the waterschappen ("water control boards"), which had the power to enforce their decisions on water management. As the centuries went by, they eventually constructed an extensive dike system that covered the coastline and the polders, thus protecting the land from further incursions by the sea. However, the Hollanders did not stop there. Starting around the 16th century, they took the offensive and began land reclamation projects, converting lakes and marshy areas into polders. This continued right into the 20th century. This ongoing struggle to master the water played an important role in the development of Holland as a maritime and economic power and in the development of the character of the people of Holland. |
 | GIORGIO @ LA SEINE ¤ JE SUIS UNE FEUILLE - RENAN LUCE La Seine est un fleuve français, long de 776 kilomètres, qui coule dans le Bassin parisien et arrose notamment Troyes, Paris et Rouen. Sa source se situe à 470 mètres d'altitude, à Saint-Germain-Source-Seine dans le plateau de Langres, en Côte-d'Or. Son cours a une orientation générale du sud-est au nord-ouest. Elle se jette dans la Manche, à hauteur du méridien du Hode, près du Havre. Son bassin versant, d'une superficie d'environ 75 000 km², intéresse près de 30 % de la population du pays. Il est géré par l'agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie. ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ The Seine (pronounced /sɛn/ in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. It is also a tourist attraction, particularly within the city of Paris. "Seine" is often believed to have come from the Latin Sequana, which itself comes from Gaulish (Celtic) Sicauna. The name Sicauna is made up of Celtic sakw, which means "sacred" and comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *sak- (which also gave Latin sacer and sanctus, which in turn gave English sacred and saint), and from a Celtic (or more probably Pre-Indo-European) suffix -onna which means "source, river", and which can be found in the name of many rivers of western Europe (such as the Garonne or the Dordogne). The name "Sakw -onna" ("sacred source", "sacred river"), is also the name of several other western European rivers, such as the Saône River, and possibly also the River Shannon. Another proposed etymology posits that Sequana is the Latin version of Gaulish Isicauna. Is-Icauna would be the diminutive of Icauna, which was the Gaulish name of the Yonne River. The ancient Gauls considered the Seine to be a tributary of the Yonne, which indeed presents a greater average discharge than the Seine (the river flowing through Paris would be called Yonne if the standard rules of geography were applied). Icauna comes from the Pre-Indo-European roots inka -onna. Further research will be needed to decide between the two etymologies. Further downstream in what is now Normandy, the Seine was known as Rodo, or Roto, which is a traditional Celtic name for rivers, and is also the original name of the Rhône River (see Rhône article for further explanations). This is proved by the name of Rouen, which was Rotomagos in Gaulish, meaning "field, plain (magos in Gaulish, whose meaning evolved into "market") of the Roto". The Seine River was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by D+90 (ie 90 days after D-Day). That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy. Joan of Arc's ashes were thrown into the Seine. Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the river, known as "le mascaret." The Banks of the Seine in Paris were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1991. The river is popular with criminals when disposing bodies and people committing suicide. In 2007 55 bodies were retrieved from its waters.[6] In Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables, Jean Valjean escapes from the sewers on the banks of the Seine. Waiting there is Inspector Javert, who regretfully allows him to escape. Javert, contemplating what he had just done, decides to throw himself to his death in the river. According to his will, Napoleon wished to be buried on the Banks of the Seine. David Lanz wrote a piano solo piece entitled Leaves on the Seine in his album, Nightfall. ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ Die Seine (lateinisch/keltisch: Sequana) ist ein Fluss in Nord-Frankreich. Sie entspringt in Burgund, fließt von Osten nach Westen und mündet bei Le Havre in den Ärmelkanal. Mit 776 km Länge ist sie der drittlängste Fluss Frankreichs. Das Einzugsgebiet der Seine umfasst etwa 75.000 km². Wichtige Städte an der Seine sind Paris, Troyes und Rouen. In Paris und Rouen befinden sich deshalb die wichtigsten Binnenhäfen Frankreichs. Die Uferpromenade der Seine in Paris steht in der Liste des Weltkulturerbes der UNESCO. Die Hauptzuflüsse sind Aube, Marne und Oise vom Norden und Yonne und Eure vom Süden. Weitere Zuflüsse sind Loing, Essonne, Epte, Andelle, Risle. Über Kanäle ist sie mit Schelde, Maas, Rhein, Saône und Loire verbunden. Am Unterlauf des Flusses im Gebiet der Normandie haben sich riesige Schleifen gebildet. Die schiffbare Länge (bis Nogent-sur-Seine) beträgt 560 km. Ozeanriesen können bis zu 120 km auf dem Fluss ins Landesinnere fahren. ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ El Sena es un río de Francia. |
 | Ivan Canas: As global warming is melting the Artic Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark and the US are racing for their piece of cake by 2020. Please read the 'more info' section. Arctic time bomb set for 2020? The flagship of Russia's polar fleet, "Akademik Fyodorov", is due to return to St. Petersburg at the end of a 40-day expedition to the Arctic. It's the same vessel that a year ago rekindled Russia's presence in the region with its ground-breaking survey of the North Pole seabed. According to Jane's International Defence Review (IDR) magazine, by 2020 fossil fuels could heat up conflicts over the ice-cold plains of the North Pole. As the ice caps melt and the vast recourses located at the top the world become more accessible, the stakes could be raised. Well, the worst case scenario will be some kind of conflict in the Arctic, in particular driven by the high price of oil and gas, said Christian Le Miere, IDRs Managing Editor. If countries find themselves in need of these resources they may be forced or compelled to act in a military fashion. It's believed that about quarter of the world's oil and gas reserves are in the Arctic seabed. Currently thick ice caps and the harsh environment make these resources expensive to retrieve. But five major states are already racing for their piece of cake: Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark and the US. For many years, the Arctic was used on sectorial basis. The only legal way to change that is through a UN commission. And that's exactly what Russian scientists have been trying to do for the past few years, said Arkady Tishkov, Deputy Director of the Russian Institute of Geography. Russia went on to be the only state so far to back up its claims for the Arctic legally and scientifically. In August 2007 Artur Chelengarov and his team took a historic dive into the Arctic waters. They were the first ever to descend to the seabed at the top of the world, where they planted a Russian titanium flag and took some samples of the soil to prove that it is a continuation of the Siberian continental shelf, verifying it as Russian territory. But it still might take some efforts to push it through the UN. Despite the fact that Russia has filed all the papers to the UN commission, we are not likely to see any decision in the near future, said maritime law expert Vasiliy Gutsulyak. That's because the interests of many states collide over the Arctic. So whether Russia's claim will be able to cut any ice with the UN is anybody's guess. But one thing is for certain - other contenders will not give up this treasure without a fight. |
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