'Bernese German' is the
dialect of
High Alemannic German spoken in the
Swiss plateau (Mittelland) part of the
canton of Bern and in some neighbouring regions.
Varieties
There is a lot of regional variation within Bernese German. Native people can tell from which village one comes only by hearing the dialect. However, with the increasing importance of the big agglomeration of
Bern, the variety of Bern is spreading out, levelling the old village dialects.
Until the first half of the 20th century, there was a considerable range of
sociolects within Bernese German cities, especially in
Bern where four different groups could be distinguished:
★ The
patrician Bernese German of the high society. It has neither l-vocalisation nor nd-velarisation, it does not employ the
alveolar trill but the
French uvular trill, and it has more French
loanwords than the other varieties.
★ The variety of the native city population. It is more conservative than the countryside varieties.
★ The varieties of the countryside people who moved into the city. Until the 19th century, people weren't allowed to settle in the city.
★ The variety of the poorest, known as
Mattenenglisch 'meadow-English', even though it has little relation with English; the name derives rather from ''Mattenängi'' 'narrowing of the ''Matte'. It has a number of loans from
Yiddish and from
Yenish. These people used also a special kind of
Pig Latin which is the proper Mattenenglisch according to some people.
Phonology
''main article:
Bernese German phonology''
Bernese German is distinguished from other
Swiss German dialects by the following characteristics:
★ The
vocalisation of ''l'', e.g. ''Hauue'', ''Esu'' instead of ''Halle'', ''Esel'' ('hall', 'donkey'). This has led to a huge repertoire of
diphthongs and
triphthongs.
★ The change of ''nd'' to ''ng'', e.g. ''angers'' instead of ''anders'' ('different'). The many words ending with -ng created the joke that Bernese sounds almost like Chinese: "Schang chum hey d'Ching wei Hung" ("Schang (Jean) come home, the kids want honey(bread)")
★ The shortening of many high
vowels, e.g. ''Zit'', ''Lüt'', ''lut'' instead of ''Ziit'', ''Lüüt'', ''luut'' (Standard German ''Zeit'', ''Leute'', ''laut''; 'time', 'people', 'loud').
★ There is typically no sound of long i as in the English word "bite" and the sound becomes a long an instead as in the English "mate" or else a long e as in "feet" depending on the word.
★ there is a very hard distinctive consonant (ch) or (k) sound as in the words ich (I) or chilche (church)
Pragmatics
As in other Western Swiss German dialects and as in French, the polite form of address is the 2nd person plural and not the 3rd person plural as in German.
Vocabulary
A lot of the vocabulary known as typical to Bernese German comes from the
Mattenenglisch, e.g. ''Gieu'' 'boy', ''Modi'' 'girl'. The best known
shibboleths of Bernese German may be the words ''
äuä'' 'no way' or 'probably', ''(j)ieu'' 'yes', ''geng'' (or ''ging'', ''gäng'') 'always'. Bernese typically say mängisch for the German manchmal (sometimes) and the word for no sounds exactly like modern Dutch pronunciation or old English (nay) and can be spelled nei, nee, nä, ne, ni, or perhaps other ways. An often used word at the end of a scentence is "gäu" meaning 'isn't it?'.
Bernese German literature
Although Bernese German is mainly a spoken language (for writing, the standard German language is used), there is a relatively extant literature which goes back to the beginnings of the 20th century.
Bernese German
grammars and
dictionaries also exist.
Bernese German music
Many Bernese German
chansons have become popular all over the
German speaking part of Switzerland, especially those of
Mani Matter. This may have influenced the development of Bernese German rock music, which was the first Swiss German rock music to appear and continues to be one of the most important ones.
Today, notable bands singing in Bernese German include
Züri West and
Stiller Has.
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