BATTLE OF CIBALAE

The 'Battle of Cibalae' was fought on October 8, 314 (or perhaps as late as 316, the chronology is spotty), between the forces of Constantine I and Licinius, roughly 200 miles within the territory of Licinius. Constantine won a decisive victory despite being outnumbered. The hostilities were prompted by Constantine's appointment of his brother-in-law, Bassianus, as his Caesar. Bassianus subsequently intrigued against Constantine, perhaps at the prodding of his own brother Senecio, a close associate of Licinius. When Constantine demanded that Licinius hand over Senecio, Licinius refused. Constantine marched against Licinius, who responded by elevating another associate, Valens, to the rank of Augustus. When the two armies met, Licinius found himself on the losing side and was forced to flee to Sirmium. He negotiated a treaty highly-favorable to Constantine, which included the cessation of territories and the elevation of Constantine's sons, Crispus (then about 14) and Constantine (who was only an infant) to the rank of Caesar.