BATTLE OF CARHAM

The 'Battle of Carham' was a battle between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Danes at Carham on Tweed in 1018. It is also sometimes known as the 'Battle of Coldstream', from the town of Coldstream. The battle was a victory for the Scottish king Máel Coluim II and the battle is thought to have strengthened Scotland's hold on Lothian, in 1029 Canute, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, travelled to Scotland and seems to have recognised Malcolm's possession of Lothian.
After Carham, much of present day Scotland was under the control of the King of Scots although Norsemen still held sway in Ross, Caithness, Sutherland and The Isles. The Lords of Galloway remained semi-independent.