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'''Batey''' was the name given to a special plaza around which the native Caribbean Taino Indians built their settlements. It was usually a rectangular area surrounded by stones with carved symbols known as petroglyphs.
The ''batey'' was the area in which ''batey'' events (e.g. ceremonies, the ball game, etc.) took place. The ''batey'' ceremony (also known as ''batu'') can be viewed from some historical accounts as more of a judicial contest rather than a game. Because historical accounts of the game and court space come from (mostly Spanish) European explorers, the true nature, history, and function of the ''batey'' is still contested. It is often considered that players from neighboring tribes would come together and play, making it an effective way of resolving differences rather than by fighting.

Contents

Batey Origins

Playing the Game

Ball Court Petroglyphs

External links

References

Batey Origins

There is no consensus as to whether the ''batey'' ball game in the Caribbean was independently developed in different regions of the New World or whether it diffused from one or more locations. The large centrally located cemeteries in Saladoid villages served as plazas like those seen in the lowland communities of South America.Siegel, Peter. “Contested Places and Places of Contest: The Evolution of Social Power and Ceremonial Space in Prehistoric Puerto Rico.” Latin American Antiquity. Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sept, 1999). 209-238. The ceremonial and religious significance of the later-developed ball game appears to indicate a connection with the Mexican ''tlachtli'' ball game and the ''pok ta pok'' ball game of the Maya civilization.Alegria, Ricardo. “The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles.” American Antiquity. Vol. 16, No. 4 (Apr, 1951). 348-352.
It has been argued that the ''batey'' ball game of the Caribbean is a simplified version of the Maya ''pok ta pok'', specified to the culture and religion of the Taino. A simplified version of the Mexican ''tlachti'' was played in southwestern North America by the Hohokam Indians. It is possible that the route of diffusion of the game of ''pok ta pok'' and other elements of Mayan culture was not a direct one from the Yucatan to the Caribbean, but an indirect one by way of South America, because the Otomacos in South America also played a similar game.Alegria

Playing the Game

The majority of the documented information about the ball game specific to the Caribbean islands comes from the historic accounts of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdez and Bartolomé de Las Casas (see picture to the right). The native name for the ball court and game was ''batey''.Alegria, Ricardo. “Ball Courts and Ceremonial Plazas in the West Indies.” Yale University Publications in Anthropology. No. 79. Yale University Department of Anthropology: 1983 Oviedo’s description of the balls is reminiscent of rubber or some kind of resin with rubber-like qualities; in all sources, some kind of reference is made to the unfamiliar bounciness of the balls.Alegria2
The game was played by two teams, each team consisting anywhere from ten to thirty players.Alegria Normally, the teams were composed of only men, but occasionally women played the game as well. Oviedo noted that sometimes men and women would play on mixed teams, men and women against each other, and the married women against unwed female virgins.Alegria2 Married woman wore a shawl wrapped around their bodies while the men and virgin women went bare.Alegria2 Archaeologists have noted a connection between the ball courts and the stone “elbow” and “neck” collars prominent in Puerto Rico around the ball court sites. The function of these collars is not evident or explicitly detailed in historic accounts. However, it is interesting to note the similarity between the Caribbean stone collars and the Mexican stone yolks that were worn by Mesoamerican ball game players as ceremonial belts.Alegria
''Faltas'' (errors or faults) were made when the ball came to a halt on the ground or if it had been thrown out of bounds (outside the stone boundary markers).Alegria The ball could only be struck from the shoulder, the elbow, the head, the hips, the buttock, or the knees and never with the hands. Las Casas noted that when women played the game they did not use their hips or shoulders, but their knees.Alegria Points were earned when the ball failed to be returned from a non-faulted play (similar to the earning of points in today’s volleyball). Play continued until the number of predetermined points was earned by a side. Often, players and chiefs made bets or wagers on the possible outcome of a game. These wagers were paid after a game was concluded.Alegria2

Ball Court Petroglyphs

Petroglyphs have been found on river boulders, walls of caves and rock shelters, and on upright stone slabs outlining ball court plazas. Unfortunately, many of these artifacts have been stolen by collectors or looters.Frassetto, Monica Flaherty. “A Preliminary Report on the Petroglyphs in Puerto Rico.” American Antiquity. Vol. 25, No.3 (Apr, 1960). 381-391. There are two main types of petroglyphs: 1) geometric designs and 2) images representing human or animal forms (especially the “swaddled infant”). Rouse has described the petroglyphs as “human-like bodies and heads, of faces, and of geometric designs, several of which suggest the sun and the moon”.Frassetto
The most common geometric designs are concentric circles, spirals and double spirals (clockwise and counterclockwise with three to five rings), single and double hooks, two triangles set together resembling butterfly wings, horseshoe-like symbols, and series of pits loosely grouped together.Frassetto There are also multi-rayed solar emblems, lizards, iguanas, birds, animistic heads with rays emanating from the neck, mask-like “faces,” and a variety of other heads or faces (human and animal ranging from simple circles with three pits or rings for the eyes and mouth to stylized loops resembling petals or feathers). These petroglyphs can be directly compared in design and style with the petroglyphs seen in Northwest Brazil and Venezuela.Frassetto
The other most common image in the petroglyphs are grinning or grimacing, large eared, primarily zoomorphic “swaddled infants.” Although they appear to us as "swaddled infants", they actually represent ancestors who were wrapped in hammocks upon death. The images have limbless, rounded bodies that are sack-like at the bottom. Their ears are often exaggeratedly large and are presented in varying positions and shapes.Frassetto
In Puerto Rico, the “infant” type and the geometric/curvilinear type tend to occupy separate village sites. Current archaeological data is inconclusive as to whether the designs were from two different time periods (the spiral groups are mostly in the mountainous interior where the infant type is much rarer) or if the designs represent a difference in religious symbolism.Frassetto

External links

★ Taino World - Ball Game

★ Taino Culture - Traditional Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Cultural Games

★ Cultural Institute of Puerto Rico

References