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:''This article describes the basilica in Rome. For the city in California, see San Clemente, California.''

The basilica of 'San Clemente' is a complex of buildings in Rome centred around a 12th century Roman Catholic church dedicated to Pope Clement I. The site is notable as being an archaeological record of Roman architectural, political and religious history from the early Christian era to the Middle Ages.

Contents

History

Roman buildings

The first basilica

The second basilica

Notes

External links

References

History

This ancient church was transformed over the centuries from a private home that was the site of clandestine Christian worship in the 1st century to a grand public basilica by the 6th century, reflecting the emerging Roman Catholic Church's growing legitimacy and power.

Roman buildings

The house was originally owned by Roman consul and martyr Titus Flavius Clemens who was one of the first among the Roman nobility to convert to Christianity. He allowed his house to be used as a secret gathering place for fellow Christians, the religion being outlawed at the time.
There is evidence of pagan worship on the site. In the 2nd century members of a Mithraic cult built a small temple dedicated to Mithras in an ''insula'', or apartment complex, on the site. This temple, used for initiation rituals, lasted until about the 3rd century, by which time Christianity had largely supplanted pagan worship in Rome.

The first basilica

Excavations in the 1860s revealed the forgotten earlier basilica that underlies the medieval one. In the late fourth or early fifth century, after Christianity became the state religion of Rome, the small church underwent expansion, acquiring the adjoining ''insula'' and other nearby buildings; Architects began work on the complex of rooms and courtyards, building a central nave over the early church site, and an apse over the former Mithraeum. The new church was dedicated to Pope Clement I, a 1st century Christian convert and a contemporary of Titus Flavius Clemens. Restorations were undertaken in the ninth century and ca 1080-99.^[1]
Apart from Santa Maria Antiqua, the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings are to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente. Over the next several centuries, San Clemente became a beacon for church artists and sculptors, benefitting from Imperial largesse. Today, it is considered one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome.
The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as Pope Paschal II.

The second basilica

The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120, after the original church was burned to the ground during the Norman sack of the city under Robert Guiscard in 1084. ^[2]
Irish Dominicans have been the caretakers of San Clemente since 1667, when Britain outlawed the Irish Catholic Church and expelled the entire clergy. Pope Urban VIII gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students.
On one wall in the courtyard there is a plaque affixed by Pope Clement XI, who praises San Clemente, declaring, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries." Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana, nephew of Carlo Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719.^[3] The carved and gilded ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the frescos.
In one lateral chapel there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints Cyril and Methodius who created the Glagolithic alphabet and christianized the Slavs. The chapel holds a Madonna by Sassoferrato, and it is said that Pope John Paul II used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries.
Current Cardinal Priest of the ''Titulus S. Clementi'' is Adrianus Johannes Simonis, the archbishop of Utrecht in the Netherlands. Pope Paschal II (1076-1099) was one of the previous holders of the Titulus.

Notes

1. Joan E. Barclay Lloyd, "The building history of the medieval Church of S. Clemente in Rome" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '45'.3 (September 1986), pp. 197-223.
2. Lloyd 1986|197
3. John Gilmartin, "The Paintings Commissioned by Pope Clement XI for the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome" ''The Burlington Magazine'' '116' No. 855 (June 1974, pp. 304-312) p 304.

External links

★ Official site

★ Kunsthistorie.com gallery.

References

★ "San Clemente", article by Chris Nyborg.

★ Joan E. Barclay Lloyd, "The building history of the medieval Church of S. Clemente in Rome" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '45'.3 (September 1986), pp. 197-223.