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The 'Basilica Ulpia' was an ancient Roman civic building located in the Forum of Trajan. It was named after Roman emperor Trajan whose full name was Marcus Ulpius Traianus. Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning, , Leland M., Roth, Westview Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-06-430158-9
It became perhaps the most important basilica after two ancient ones, the Basilicas Aemilia and Julia. With its construction, much of the political life moved from the Roman Forum to the Forum of Trajan. It remained so until the construction of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine.
Unlike later Christian basilicas, it had no known religious function; it was dedicated to the administration of justice, commerce and the presence of the emperor. It was the largest in Rome measuring 117 by 55 meters (385 x 182 ft).
The Basilica Ulpia was composed of a great central nave with four aisles divided by rows of columns and apses at the ends. The columns and the walls were of precious marbles; the 50 meter (164 ft) high vault was covered by gilded bronze tiles.
Many of the columns still exist on site, although a large number have fallen. Part of the foundation of the basilica continues today under the modern Via dei Fori Imperiali, a trunk road constructed during the rule of Benito Mussolini. The whole of the construction was decorated with war spoils and trophies from the Dacian Wars conducted under the command of Trajan.

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