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The 'barracuda' is a ray-finned fish notable for its large size (up to 6 ft or more in length and up to a foot in width^[1]) and fearsome appearance. The body is long, fairly compressed, and covered with small, smooth scales. It is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. Its genus, '''Sphyraena''', is the only genus in the family 'Sphyraenidae'

Contents

Appearance and physical description

Order and suborder

Behavior

Barracudas and humans

As food

Species

Notes

References

External links

Appearance and physical description

Barracudas are elongated fish with powerful jaws. The lower jaw of the large mouth juts out beyond the upper. Barracudas possess strong, fang-like teeth. These are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth. The head is quite large and is pointed and it is pike-like in appearance. The gill-covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales. The two dorsal fins are widely separated, with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays. The second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it. The lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail. The spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics. The hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave. It is set at the end of a stout peduncle. The pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides. The barracuda swim bladder is large.
In general, the barracuda's coloration is dark green or grey above chalky-white below. This varies somewhat. Sometimes there is a row of darker cross-bars or black spots on each side. The fins may be yellowish or dusky. Barracudas only live in oceans.

Order and suborder

Barracudas belong to the great order of Perch-like fish, Perciformes. Along with the smaller grey mullets and sand smelts or atherines, barracudas form the suborder known as mugiloids. Members of this group are distinguished from the Percoids by the rearward position of the pelvic fins, which are located well to the rear of the pectoral fins.

Behavior

Barracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs, but also appear in open seas. They are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie-in-wait or ambush. They rely on surprise and short bursts of speed (up to 27mph (43 km/h)^[2]) to overrun their prey, sacrificing maneuverability.
The larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits. Young and half-grown fish frequently congregate in shoals. Their food is composed of fish of all types. Large barracudas, when gorged, may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water, where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal.

Barracudas and humans

Like sharks, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans. However, unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers, snorkelers and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents. Barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef, which can make one feel uncomfortable, but they are harmless unless provoked. Because barracudas have a scavenger-like tendency, it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind.
Being formidable hunters, they should be respected, as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them. Handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged. Spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous, as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish.
There have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human, but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility. Barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source.

As food

They are caught as food and game fish. They are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon. Larger species, like the great barracuda, have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning^[3].
In southern Nigeria, West Africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups. The reason for smoking is because when cooked fresh, the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup.

Species

There are 26 species:

★ Sharpfin barracuda, ''Sphyraena acutipinnis'' Day, 1876.

★ Guinean barracuda, ''Sphyraena afra'' Peters, 1844.

★ Pacific barracuda, ''Sphyraena argentea'' Girard, 1854.

★ Great barracuda, ''Sphyraena barracuda'' (Walbaum, 1792).

★ Northern sennet, ''Sphyraena borealis'' DeKay, 1842.

★ Yellowstripe barracuda, ''Sphyraena chrysotaenia'' Klunzinger, 1884.

★ Mexican barracuda, ''Sphyraena ensis'' Jordan & Gilbert, 1882.

★ Yellowtail barracuda, ''Sphyraena flavicauda'' Rüppell, 1838.

★ Bigeye barracuda, ''Sphyraena forsteri'' Cuvier, 1829.

★ Guachanche barracuda, ''Sphyraena guachancho'' Cuvier, 1829.

★ Heller's barracuda, ''Sphyraena helleri'' Jenkins, 1901.

★ ''Sphyraena iburiensis'' Doiuchi & Nakabo, 2005.

★ Pelican barracuda, ''Sphyraena idiastes'' Heller & Snodgrass, 1903.

★ Japanese barracuda, ''Sphyraena japonica'' Cuvier, 1829.

★ Pickhandle barracuda, ''Sphyraena jello'' Cuvier, 1829.

★ Lucas barracuda, ''Sphyraena lucasana'' Gill, 1863.

★ Australian barracuda, ''Sphyraena novaehollandiae'' Günther, 1860.

★ Obtuse barracuda, ''Sphyraena obtusata'' Cuvier, 1829.

★ Southern sennet, ''Sphyraena picudilla'' Poey, 1860.

★ Red barracuda, ''Sphyraena pinguis'' Günther, 1874.

★ Sawtooth barracuda, ''Sphyraena putnamae'' Jordan & Seale, 1905.

★ Blackfin barracuda, ''Sphyraena qenie'' Klunzinger, 1870.

★ European barracuda, ''Sphyraena sphyraena'' (Linnaeus, 1758).

★ ''Sphyraena tome'' Fowler, 1903.

★ Yellowmouth barracuda, ''Sphyraena viridensis'' Cuvier, 1829.

★ ''Sphyraena waitii'' Ogilby, 1908.
Only some species of barracuda grow to a large size. The species which do are the European barracuda, barracouta or spet (''S. sphyraena''), found in the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic; the great barracuda, picuda or becuna (''S. picuda''), ranging on the Atlantic coast of tropical America from Florida to Brazil and reaching the Bermudas;
the California Barracuda (''S. argentea''), extending from Puget Sound southwards to Cabo San Lucas; the Indian barracuda (''S. jello'') and the black-finned or Commerson's barracuda (''S. commersoni''), both from the seas of India and the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Notes

1. Reef Fish Identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas, 3rd edition, , P., Humann, New World Publications, Inc., 2002, ISBN 1-878348-30-2
2. Reefquest Center for Shark Research. What's the Speediest Marine Creature?
3. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Hazard, Market, Geographic and Nomenclature Information for Great Barracuda.

References

★

★ Labat Jean-Baptiste (1663-1738) ''Nouveau voyage Isles de l'Amerique, contenant l'histoire naturelle...l'origine, les mour, la religion'' Paris 1742.

★ Norman JR, F.L.S. and Fraser, FC, D.Sc., F.L.S.''Field Book of Giant Fishes'' G.P. Putnam's Sons New York 1949.

★ Rochefort Charles D. (1605-1683) ''Histoire naturelle et morale des illes Antilles de l'Amerique''.

★ Sloane Hans Sir (1660-1753) ''A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica'' London, Printed by BM for the author, 1707-1725.

External links

★ Great Barracuda page on website of the Florida Museum of National History.

★ The Great Barracuda Pages.

★ Sphyraenidae entry on Animal Diversity Web.