:''This article is about previously reported and documented controversy concerning any aspect of the British Broadcasting Corporation. For the main article see: BBC''
The BBC has been the subject of many controversies that have been widely reported elsewhere which can be documented as to their source within this article. Although the BBC has generally sought to distance itself from controversy, it has generated controversy due to its unique position within British society. The following documented subjects reflect some of the controversial issues in which the BBC has become involved. The reporting of the controversy does not imply either agreement or disagreement with any aspect of the controversy itself, merely that the controversy has taken place and that it has been widely reported and previously documented.

Contents

Brief history

1930s to Cold War: MI5 vetting

1930s: Commercial radio controversy

1940s: American Armed Forces controversy

1950s: Independent Television controversy

1960s: Offshore radio controversy

1970: Jamming controversy

1984: ''Maggie's Militant Tendency'' controversy

1986: Libyan raid controversy

1986: Censorship controversy

1987: Sacked BBC Director General controversy

2003: Death of Dr David Kelly

2004: Hutton Report

2004: Butler Report

2004-2007: Balen Report

Notes

References

See also

Links

Brief history

One of the first controversial issues in which the BBC became involved was over the question of funding and the control of programming. In the United States radio broadcasting had already developed to the point that there were "listeners-in" within the British Isles, prior to any broadcasting service being licensed by the British government (British General Post Office - GPO) within the British Isles.
As a result of these technical and social developments, in 1922 the British government (GPO) forced all of the British electrical companies and the American subsidiaries doing business in Britain, into a single cartel and monopoly which it called the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. This arrangement lasted until January 1927 when the present British Broadcasting Corporation was given its first Royal Charter to act as a cultural and information entity controlled by the Crown.

1930s to Cold War: MI5 vetting

From the late 1930s until the end of the Cold War, MI5 had an officer at the BBC vetting editorial applicants. During World War II 'subversives', particularly suspected communists such as the folksinger Ewan MacColl, were banned from the BBC. The personnel records of anyone suspicious were stamped with a distinctively shaped green tag, or 'Christmas tree'; only a handful of BBC personnel staff knew what the 'Christmas trees' meant. [1]

1930s: Commercial radio controversy

Because the BBC had become both a monopoly and a non-commercial entity, it soon faced controversial competition by British subjects (citizens) who were operating leased transmitters on the continent of Europe before World War II, to blast commercial radio programmes into the British Isles. John Reith who had been given powers to dictate the cultural output of the BBC retaliated by leading the opposition to these commercial stations. Controversy spilled over into the press when the British government attempted to censor the printing of their programme information. The pressure was created by the success of these stations. By 1938 on Sundays, it was reported that 80% of the British audience was tuning in to commercial radio, rather than the non-commercial BBC.

1940s: American Armed Forces controversy

During World War II the introduction of American Armed Forces Radio programming on to the airwaves within the British Isles caused controversy by the tone and style of their broadcasts. They were very popular and continued to supply the kind of entertainment once provided by the pre-war commercial stations. The BBC was forced to absorb some of this cultural programming against the wishes of its original Director General who had left the employment of the BBC.

1950s: Independent Television controversy

In the 1950s Sir Winston Churchill retaliated against the BBC because of his treatment at the hands of Sir John Reith who had banned him from the BBC airwaves prior to World War II. Lord Moran (Sir Charles Watson), recorded that Churchill denounced the BBC as a communist operation which resulted in Churchill leading the campaign to introduce commercial television into the U.K.(See reference 3 below.) Details of this well documented campaign are recorded in the book ''Pressure Group'', by author H. H. Wilson, published by Rutgers University Press in 1961. (See reference 1 below.)

1960s: Offshore radio controversy

In the 1960s BBC Radio once more began to lose its audience to commercial radio, just as it had prior to World War II. This time the cause of the competition were offshore pirate radio stations, with some of the biggest being financed by money and style originating from Texas. The British government reacted by censoring the stations by passing the ''Marine Broadcasting Offences Act, 1967'', which made it illegal for British citizens to work on the pirate ships, or to advertise on them. The BBC then hired the out of work commercial staff and adopted the American jingles for themselves.

1970: Jamming controversy

In the 1970s offshore pirate radio reappeared on a well financed offshore station only to be jammed by British government using high-powered military transmitters with the help of the BBC. The station effected a change during a General Election and the winning political party continued the jamming policy of its predecessor in power.

1984: ''Maggie's Militant Tendency'' controversy

The BBC programme ''Panorama'' on 30 January 1984 broadcast ''Maggie's Militant Tendency'' which claimed that some Conservative MPs had links to far-right organisations both in Britain and on the Continent. Two of the MPs named, Neil Hamilton and Gerald Howarth, sued the BBC because they thought the allegations were untrue. In 1986 the BBC offered an out-of-court settlement, which was accepted, and the damages amounted to £1 million.

1986: Libyan raid controversy

The Conservative Party Chairman Norman Tebbit, with the help of an academic lawyer, assembled a dossier of the BBC's coverage of the American bombing raid on Libya in which he claimed that the reporting was heavily biased against the Americans. The BBC rejected these findings, however.

1986: Censorship controversy

Main articles: Zircon affair

In 1986 BBC journalists went on strike to protest police raids to silence a series of BBC broadcasts. The police searched both the BBC studios in Glasgow, Scotland and the London home of Duncan Campbell, an investigative journalist.
Controversy began when on June 12, 1985, Graeme McDonald as Controller of BBC-2 TV, was offered a series of documentaries by the BBC studios in Scotland in conjunction with an offer to them by Duncan Campbell whose work had previously appeared in the New Statesman magazine. The programmes were six half-hour films by Duncan Campbell (researched and presented by Campbell and produced according to BBC standards), which illuminated ''hidden truths of major public concern''. The six programmes were:

★ One: ''The Secret Constitution'' about a small, secret Cabinet committee that was in reality the Establishment that ruled the United Kingdom.

★ Two: ''In Time of Crisis'' about secret preparations for war that began in 1982 within every NATO country. This programme revealed what Britain would do.

★ Three: ''A Gap In Our Defences'' about bungling defence manufacturers and incompetent military planners who have botched every new radar system that Britain has installed since World War II.

★ Four: ''We're All Data Now'' about the Data Protection Act.

★ Five: Still in production about the Association of Chief Police Officers and how Government policy and actions are determined in the fields of law and order.

★ Six: Still in production about communications with particular reference to satellites.
Work began on the series. In April 1986 Alan Protheroe, acting on behalf of BBC Director General Alasdair Milne was asked for permission to ''bug'' a private detective who said he could access a Criminal Records Office computer. Permission was granted and filming took place. The police were informed and the man was subsequently charged under Section 2 of the 'Official Secrets Act'.
The sixth programme would have revealed details of a top secret spy satellite and Alisdair Milne had already decided to cut it from the line-up when the ''Observer'' newspaper broke the story on January 18, 1987 with the headline: "BBC GAG on £500M DEFENCE SECRET". Combined with this story was a report that the Home Office intended to restrict the broadcast receiver licence fee, the implication being that the Government had decided to censor BBC investigative journalism.
Soon afterwards, a series of programmes on BBC Radio Four called ''My Country Right or Wrong'' was banned by the Government because it might have revealed sensitive secrets. The series was censored only a few hours before it was due to start because it dealt with similar issues to the television series concerning the British "secret state". However, it was eventually broadcast uncut, after the Government decided that it did not breach any laws or interfere with national security.

1987: Sacked BBC Director General controversy

On January 29, 1987 Alasdair Milne was sacked by the newly appointed Chairman of the BBC Board of Governors, Marmaduke Hussey. He was replaced by an accountant, Michael Checkland. Milne later wrote his account of this affair in ''The memoirs of a British broadcaster''. (See reference 2 below.)

2003: Death of Dr David Kelly

In May 2003, the defence correspondent of the 'BBC Radio 4' ''Today'' programme, Andrew Gilligan, quoted a government official who stated that the British Government had "''sexed up''" a dossier concerning weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, against the wishes of the Intelligence services. A newspaper report claimed that Alastair Campbell (the Prime Minister's Director of Communications and Strategy), was responsible. The British Government strongly denied the claims and this prompted an investigation by Parliament.
A Ministry of Defence scientist, Dr David Kelly, was named as the alleged source of the news item, which then led to the New Labour party suggesting that Dr Kelly wasn't a credible source. The subsequent suicide (or claimed to be suicide) of Dr Kelly resulted in an escalation of the conflict between the government and the BBC, during which both sides received severe criticism for their roles in the matter. Relatives of Dr Kelly have expressed outrage that their government would treat Kelly in this manner.

2004: Hutton Report

Main articles: Hutton Inquiry

The publication in January 2004 of the 'Hutton Report' into Dr Kelly's death was extremely critical of Andrew Gilligan, and of the Corporation's management processes and standards of journalism. In the aftermath, both the Chairman of the BBC Gavyn Davies and the Director-General Greg Dyke resigned, followed by Gilligan himself. Lord Hutton was accused of failing to take account of the imperfections inherent in journalism, while giving the Government the benefit of the doubt over its own conduct.

2004: Butler Report

Main articles: Butler Report

A second inquiry by Lord Butler of Brockwell did review the intelligence on weapons of mass destruction and the production of the dossier. Amongst other things, the ''Butler Report'' concluded that:

''... the fact that the reference [to the 45 minute claim] in the classified assessment was repeated in the dossier later led to suspicions that it had been included because of its eye-catching character''.

Andrew Gilligan claims that the ''Butler Report'' vindicated his original story that the dossier had been "''sexed up''". Lord Hutton himself is said to be surprised at what he apparently views as an over-reaction to and misinterpretation of his criticisms of the BBC.
In October 2004, the British government finally withdrew the "45 minutes" claim, which was
central to the Hutton Inquiry and their claims about the war's legitimacy. Interpretations of these two reports has been mixed by both postitive and negative comments.

2004-2007: Balen Report

Main articles: The Balen Report

The BBC fought to overturn a ruling by the High Court of Justice that a member of the public has the right under the Freedom of Information Act of 2000 (FOI) to see an internal report on its Middle East coverage. The report examines the coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict.^[1][2]
The corporation has paid £200,000 for blocking the report, and has been accused of wasting licence fee payers money in their cover-up attempt. Critics called the BBC's blocking a FOI request "shameful hypocrisy" in light of the corporation's previous extensive use of FOI requests in its journalism.^[3]
On Friday 27 April 2007 The High Court rejected Mr Steven Sugar's challenge to the Information Commissioner's decision.
The BBC's press release following the High Court judgement included the following statement:
"The BBC's action in this case had nothing to do with the fact that the Balen report was about the Middle East – the same approach would have been taken whatever area of news output was covered."

Notes

1. BBC asks court to block Israel report by Michael Herman (Times Online) March 27, 2007
2. BBC fights to suppress internal report into allegations of bias against Israel by Andy McSmith (The Independent) 28 March 2007
3. BBC pays £200,000 to 'cover up report on anti-Israel bias' by Paul Revoir (Daily Mail) 22 March 2007

References

#Pressure Group - by Wilson, H.H. - Rutgers University Press, 1961. - History of the political fight to introduce commercial television into the United Kingdom.
#The memoirs of a British broadcaster - by Milne, Alasdair. - Coronet, 1989. - ISBN 0-340-49750-5 - History of the Zicron spy satellite affair, written by a former Director General of the BBC. A series of BBC radio programmes called "''The Secret Society''" led to a raid by police in both England and Scotland to seize documents as part of a government censorship campaign.
#Churchill at War 1940 to 1945 - ''The Memoirs of Churchill's Doctor'' by Moran, Lord. - Carroll & Graf, 2002. Reissue ISBN 0-7867-1041-1 with an introduction by (Lord Moran's son, John, the present Lord Moran. This diary paints an intimate portrait of Churchill by Sir Charles Watson, his personal physician (Lord Moran), who spent the war years with the Prime Minister. In his diary, Moran recorded insights into Churchill's character, and moments when he let his guard down, including his views about the BBC being riddled with communists.
#Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA, by Gilder PhD., Eric. - "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003. ISBN 973-651-596-6 - Historical background relating to various controversial issues involving the BBC.

See also

★ Criticism of the BBC

★ The War Game

Links

The BBC Under Pressure - A history of controversial incidents through BBC News's history.

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