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'Avestan' is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Iranian languages are part of the Indo-Iranian Language group which includes the Indian languages such as Sanskrit. The Indo-Iranian language group is the biggest branch of the Indo-European language family. Avestan contains passive morpheme quite similar to that of Gorani or Hewrami, one of two major dialects spoken today by modern Kurds in Iran and Iraq.^[1]
Along with Old Persian, Avestan is one of the two oldest Iranian languages of which we have evidence (see also classification, below). The Avestan language should not be confused with the Avestan alphabet, which is a significantly later invention.
The Avestan language, as reflected in the Avesta, is divided into two different forms:
# Old Avestan or ''Gathic'' Avestan: This form of the language was used to compose the Gathas and other more ancient portions of the Yasna. Gathic Avestan is an archaic language with a complicated grammar which consists of eight case forms and a highly inflected noun system. It is still quite close to the Vedic Sanskrit. Like Zoroaster's lifetime, widely differing dates for Avestan have been proposed; scholarly consensus floats around 1000 BC (roughly contemporary to the Brahmana period of Vedic Sanskrit).
# Young Avestan: the language used for composing the greater part of the Avesta, including many of the Yashts of the "Little Avesta", the Vendidad and some sections of the Yasna. Young Avestan itself has two forms, one called ''Original'' Young Avestan, and the other, ''Artificial'' Young Avestan. The first form was probably a natural development of Old Avestan and was most likely also a spoken language up to the 8th century BCE. The Artificial Young Avestan however is a corrupt form of the language, a form that was never spoken and was used by the priesthood in later times in order to compose new texts. The Vendidad is the most significant collection of texts that were composed in Artificial Young Avestan.

Contents

Classification

Alphabet

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Grammar

Nouns

Verbs

Notes

References

See also

External links

Classification

Avestan is usually classified as Eastern Iranian. However, because the separation of Eastern and Western Iranian is poorly understood, and because there is no attestation of an Iranian language contemporary to Avestan, as well as because of the defective tradition of the Avestan texts, the validity, or even applicability, of this classification is uncertain.
For example, Avestan ''jwa'' "live" is cited as closer to Sogdian ''žw'', Khotanian ''juv-'' than to Old Persian ''jīva'', but phonological Eastern characteristics of Avestan such as this one have been suspected of being due to a phase of the historical tradition of the texts rather than an original feature of Avestan itself. According to Kellens,^[2] the only thing that can be asserted with confidence is that Avestan is not a Persian dialect (the only Old Iranian language besides Avestan known in any detail being Old Persian).
The original geographical location of Avestan is likewise uncertain, and it has been variously placed in north-western Iran, north-eastern Iran, Chorasmia, Sistan, and Bactria-Margiana.

Alphabet

Main articles: Avestan alphabet

After the alleged destruction of the Achaemenid palace library by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, the Avesta was transmitted orally until at least the first, and most likely until the 4th century AD. The script used for the writing of Avesta, called Dīn Dabireh, developed during the 5th or 6th century (late Sassanian times) was a derivative of Pahlavi script of Middle Persian. Dīn Dabireh is specially designed to reflect the Avestan sound system, not unlike Devanāgarī, it allows phonetic disambiguation of allophones.

Phonology

The Avestan sound differs from the later Old Persian chiefly by the larger inventory of vowels. As opposed to Sanskrit, Avestan has retained voiced sibilants, and has fricative rather than aspirate series. There are various conventions for transliteration of Dīn Dabireh, the one adopted for this article being:
Vowels:
:
Consonants:
:
:
The glides ''y'' and ''w'' are often transcribed as ''ii'' and ''uu'', imitating Dīn Dabireh orthography.

Consonants

	Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alveolar or palatal		Velar		Labiovelar		Glottal
Nasal
Plosive
Fricative
Approximant
Trill
Lateral

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close
Mid
Open
Nasal

Grammar

Nouns

Case	"normal" endings			a-stems: (masc. neut.)
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
'Nominative'	-s	-ā	-ō (-as), -ā	-ō (yasn-ō)	-a (vīr-a)	-a (-yasna)
'Vocative'	-	-ā	-ō (-as), -ā	-a (ahur-a)	-a (vīr-a)	-a (yasn-a), -ånghō
'Accusative'	-em	-ā	-ō (-as, -ns), -ā	-em (ahur-em)	-a (vīr-a)	-ą (haom-ą)
'Instrumental'	-ā	-byā	-bīš	-a (ahur-a)	-aēibya (vīr-aēibya)	-āiš (yasn-āiš)
'Dative'	-ē	-byā	-byō (-byas)	-āi (ahur-āi)	-aēibya (vīr-aēibya)	-aēibyō (yasn-aēibyō)
'Ablative'	-at	-byā	-byō	-āt (yasn-āt)	-aēibya (vīr-aēibya)	-aēibyō (yasn-aēibyō)
'Genitive'	-ō (-as)	-å	-ąm	-ahe (ahur-ahe)	-ayå (vīr-ayå)	-anąm (yasn-anąm)
'Locative'	-i	-ō, -yō	-su, -hu, -šva	-e (yesn-e)	-ayō (zast-ayō)	-aēšu (vīr-aēšu), -aēšva

Verbs

Primary active endings

Person	Sg.	Du.	Pl.
'1.'	-mi	-vahi	-mahi
'2.'	-hi	-tha	-tha
'3.'	-ti	-tō, -thō	-ngti

Notes

1. Dr. Michiel Leezenberg: Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish
2. Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (1989), p. 35

References

★ Robert S. P. Beekes, ''A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan'', E.J. Brill: Leiden, New York, København, Köln 1988 ISBN 90-04-08332-4

★ Karl Hoffmann & Bernhard Forssman, ''Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre'' (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 84), Universität Innsbruck 1996 ISBN 3-85124-652-7

See also

★

External links

★ avesta.org - Avestan lessons, Grammar, Dictionaries, etc.

★ Text samples

★ Unicode pipeline (contains suggestion for Avestan encoding)

★ ''Avesta Corpus'', TITUS text collection. On the basis of the editions by K. F. Geldner, ''Avesta. The Sacred Books of the Parsis'', Stuttgart 1889-96; N. L. Westgaard, ''Zendavesta'' or ''The Religious Books of the Zoroastrians'', Copenhagen 1852-54, and others. Digitized text: University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.