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'Dynamic range compression' also called 'DRC' (often seen in DVD player settings), 'audio level compression', 'volume compression', 'compression', or 'limiting', is a process that manipulates the dynamic range of an audio signal. Compression is used during sound recording, live sound reinforcement, and broadcasting to alter the perceived volume of audio. A 'compressor' is the device used to create compression.

Contents

Explanation

Compressor features and usage

Limiting

Side-chaining

Parallel Compression

Multiband compression

Common uses

Public spaces

Music production

Voice

Broadcasting

Marketing

Other uses

Compressors for software audio players

See also

External links

References

Explanation

In simple terms, a compressor is an automatic volume control. Loud sounds over a certain threshold are reduced in level; quiet sounds are not reduced. In this way it reduces the dynamic range of an audio signal. This may be done for aesthetic reasons, to deal with technical limitations of audio equipment, or to improve audibility of audio in noisy environments.
In a noisy environment background noise can overpower quiet sounds. A comfortable listening level for loud sounds makes the quiet sounds inaudible: A comfortable listening level for quiet sounds makes the loud sounds too loud.To make both the soft and loud parts of a sound audible at the same time, compression is used. Compression reduces the level of the loud sounds, but not the quiet sounds, thus, the level can be raised to a point where the quiet sounds are audible, but without the loud sounds being too loud. Contrast this with the complementary process of an expander, which increases the dynamic range of a signal.^[1]
A compressor reduces the gain (level) of an audio signal if its amplitude exceeds a threshold. The amount of gain reduction is determined by a ''ratio''. For example, with a ratio of 4:1, when the (time averaged) input level is 4 dB over the threshold, the output signal level will be 1 dB over the threshold. The gain (level) has been reduced by 3dB. When the input level is 8dB above the threshold, the output level will be 2dB; a 6dB gain reduction.
A more specific example for a 4:1 ratio:
:Threshold = 10dB
:Input = 14dB (4 dB above the threshold)
:Output = 11dB (1 dB above the threshold)
A compressor uses a variable-gain amplifier to reduce the gain of the signal. There are a number of technologies used for this purpose, each having different advantages and disadvanages. Vacuum tubes are used in configuration called 'variable-µ' where the grid-to-cathode voltage changes the to alter the gain.^[2] Also used is a voltage controlled amplifier which has its gain reduced as the power of the input signal increases. Optical compressors use a light sensitive resistor (LDR) and a small lamp(LED or Electroluminescent panel) to create changes in signal gain. This technique is believed by some to add smoother characteristics to the signal, because the response times of the light and the resistor soften the attack and release. Other Technologies used include Field Effect Transistors and a Diode Bridge.^[3]
When working with digtal audio , digital signal processing techniques are commonly used to implement compression via digital audio editors, or dedicated workstations. Often the algorithms used emulate the above analog technologies.

Compressor features and usage

The time it takes for the compressor responds to changes in input level, known as ''attack'', and how quickly the compressor returns to no gain reduction once the input level falls below the threshold, known as ''release''. In many compressors the attack and release times are adjustable by the user. Some compressors, however, have the attack and release times determined by the circuit design and they cannot be adjusted by the user. Sometimes the attack and release times are 'automatic' or 'program dependant', meaning that the times change depening on the input signal. Because the loudness pattern of the source material is modified by the compressor it may change the character of the signal in subtle to quite noticeable ways depending on the settings used.
A second control on a compressor is hard/soft knee. This controls whether the bend in the response curve is a sharp angle or has a rounded edge. A soft knee slowly increases the compression ratio as the level increases and eventually reaches the compression ratio set by the user. A soft knee reduces the audible change from uncompressed to compressed, especially for higher ratios where the changeover is more noticeable. ^[4]
An audio engineer might use a compressor in a subtle way in order to reduce the dynamic range of source material in order to allow it to be recorded optimally on a medium with a more limited dynamic range than the source signal, or they might use a compressor in order to deliberately change the character of an instrument being processed.
Engineers wishing to achieve dynamic range reduction with few obvious effects might choose a relatively low threshold and low compression ratio so that the source material is being compressed very slightly most of the time. To deliberately soften the attack of a snare drum, they might choose a fast attack time and a moderately fast release time combined with a higher threshold. To accentuate the attack of the snare, they might choose a slower attack time to avoid affecting the initial transient. It is easier to successfully apply these controls if the user has a basic knowledge of musical instrument acoustics.
Because the compressor is reducing the gain (or level) of the signal, the ability to add a fixed amount of ''make-up gain'' at the output is provided so that an optimum level can be used.

Limiting

Compression and limiting are no different in process, just in degree and in the perceived effect. A limiter is a compressor with a higher ratio, and generally a fast attack time. Most engineers consider a ratio of 10:1 or more as limiting, although there are no set rules.^[5] Engineers sometimes refer to soft and hard limiting which are differences of degree. The "harder" a limiter, the higher its ratio and the faster its attack and decay times.
''Brick wall limiting'' has a very high ratio and a very fast attack time. Ideally, this ensures that an audio signal never exceeds the amplitude of the threshold. Ratios of 20:1 all the way up to ∞:1 are considered to be 'brick wall'.^[5] The sonic results of more than momentary and infrequent hard/brick-wall limiting are usually characterized as harsh and unpleasant; thus it is more appropriate as a safety device in live sound and broadcast applications than as a sound-sculpting tool.
Some modern consumer electronics devices incorporate limiters. Sony uses the Automatic Volume Limiter System (AVLS), on some audio products and the PlayStation Portable.

Side-chaining

Side-chaining uses the dynamic level of another input to control the compression level of the signal. This is used by disc jockeys to lower the music volume automatically when speaking, for example (known as ''ducking''). A frequency-specific compressor (often used for de-essing) may be constructed by feeding a high-pass filtered copy of the original signal into the side-chain input of the compressor so that volume reduction on the original signal only takes place when a specific frequency is present in large amounts (such as sibilant sounds that tend to overdrive preemphasized media such as phonograph records and FM radio). Another use of the side-chain in music production serves to maintain a loud bass track, while still keeping the bass out of the way of the drum when the drum hits.

Parallel Compression

One technique is to insert the compressor in a parallel signal path. This is known as parallel compression or upward compression, and can give a measure of dynamic control without significant audible side effects, if the ratio is relatively low and the compressor's sound is relatively neutral. On the other hand, a high compression ratio with significant audible artifacts can be chosen in one of the two parallel signal paths — this is used by some concert mixers as an artistic effect called ''New York compression''.

Multiband compression

Multiband compressors are compressors that can act differently on different frequency bands. It is as if each band has its own compressor with its own threshold, ratio, attack, and release. They are primarily an audio mastering tool, but their inclusion in digital audio workstation plug-in sets is increasing their use among mix engineers. Hardware multiband compressors are also commonly used in the on-air signal chain of a radio station, either AM or FM, in order to increase the station's apparent loudness without fear of overmodulation. Having a louder sound is often considered an advantage in commercial competition. However, adjusting a multiband output compressor of a radio station also requires some sense of style and a good pair of ears. This is because the constantly changing spectral balance between audio bands may have an equalizing effect on the output, by dynamically modifying the on-air frequency response.

Common uses

Public spaces

Compression is often used to make music sound louder without increasing its peak amplitude. By compressing the peak (or loudest) signals, it becomes possible to increase the overall gain (or volume) of a signal without exceeding the dynamic limits of a reproduction device or medium. The net effect, when compression is applied along with a gain boost, is that relatively quiet sounds become louder, while louder sounds remain unchanged.
Compression is often applied in this manner in audio systems for restaurants, retail, and similar public environments, where background music is played at a relatively low volume and needs to be compressed not just to keep the volume fairly constant, but also in order for relatively quiet parts of the music to be audible over ambient noise, or audible at all.
Compression can be used to increase the average output gain of a power amplifier by 50 to 100% with a reduced dynamic range. For paging and evacuation systems, this adds clarity under noisy circumstances and saves on the number of amplifiers required.

Music production

Compression is often used in music production to make performances more consistent in dynamic range so that they "sit" in the mix of other instruments better and maintain consistent attention from the listener. Vocal performances in rock music or pop music are usually compressed in order to make them stand out from the surrounding instruments and to add to the clarity of the vocal performance.
Compression can also be used on instrument sounds to create effects not primarily focused on boosting loudness. For instance, drum and cymbal sounds tend to decay quickly, but a compressor can make the sound appear to have a more sustained tail. Guitar sounds are often compressed in order to obtain a fuller, more sustained sound.
Most devices capable of compressing audio dynamics can also be used to reduce the volume of one audio source when another audio source reaches a certain level; see Side-Chaining above.

Voice

A compressor can be used to reduce sibilance ('ess' sounds) in vocals by feeding the compressor with an EQ set to the relevant frequencies, so that only those frequencies activate the compressor. If unchecked, sibilance could cause distortion even if sound levels are not very high. This usage is called 'de-essing'. [1]
Compression is used in voice communications in amateur radio that employ SSB modulation. Often it is used to make a particular station's signal more readable to a distant station, or to make one's station's transmitted signal stand out against others. This occurs especially in pileups where amateur radio stations are competing for the opportunity to talk to a DX station. Since an SSB signal's amplitude depends on the level of modulation, the net result is that the average amplitude of the signal and hence average transmitted power would be stronger than it would be had compression not been used.^[7] Most modern amateur radio SSB transceivers have speech compressors built in.
Compression is also used in land mobile radio, especially in transmit audio of professional walkie-talkies and in remote control dispatch consoles.

Broadcasting

Compression is used extensively in broadcasting to boost the perceived volume of sound while reducing the dynamic range of source audio (typically CDs) to a range that can be accommodated by the narrower-range broadcast signal. Broadcasters in most countries have legal limits on instantaneous peak volume they may broadcast. Normally these limits are met by permanently inserted hardware in the on-air chain (see multiband compression above).
The same recording can have very different dynamics when heard via AM, FM, CD, or other media (although frequency response and noise are large factors as well).

Marketing

In recent years (as of 2006), record companies have been increasing the overall volume of commercial albums (particularly rock music and pop music) by using higher and higher degrees of compression during mastering, sometimes impacting sound quality (this may even include "hard clipping").[2] This phenomenon has been referred to as the "loudness war".
Most television commercials are compressed heavily (typically to a dynamic range of no more than 3dB) in order to achieve near-maximum perceived loudness while staying within permissible limits.

Other uses

A compressor is sometimes used to reduce the dynamic range of a signal for transmission, to be expanded afterwards. This reduces the effects of a channel with limited dynamic range. See Companding.
Gain pumping, where a regular amplitude peak (such as a kick drum) causes the rest of the mix to change in volume due to the compressor, is generally avoided in music production. However, many dance musicians use this phenomenon in a creative way, causing the mix to alter in volume rhythmically in time with the beat.
A compressor is used in hearing aids to bring the audio volume in the range of the ears of the patient. To allow the patient to still hear the direction from which the sound is coming, binaural compression may be required.

Compressors for software audio players

Some software audio players support plugins which implement compression. These can be used to increase the perceived volume of audio tracks, or to even out the volume of highly-variable music (such as classical music, or a playlist spanning many music types). This improves the listenability of audio when played through poor-quality speakers, or when played in noisy environments (such as in a car or during a party). Such software may also be used in micro-broadcasting or home-based audio mastering.
Available software includes:

★ foobar2000

★ Winamp plugins:

★
★ Stereo Tool (also available as a command line wav-to-wav tool from the developer's site)

★
★ Rock Steady

★
★ Volume Leveler 15

★
★ Sound Solution

★ Volume Logic, available for Windows Media Player, iTunes, RealPlayer, and other platforms
The Winamp plugins can also be enabled for Windows Media Player and other players via ffdshow.
To achieve volume-compressed playback on devices other than computer-based audio players, files may need to be processed via the above software then output as wavs, mp3s, or other audio formats.

See also

★ Squelch

★ Automatic gain control

★ Gain compression

External links

★ An overview of compression w. a more practical user friendly approach (also a wiki)

★ Description of expansion, compression, and limiting in an audio processor

★ Dynamic range compression

★ Understanding compressors and compression

★ Example and explanation of over compression

★ Article on compression from The Production Wiki

References

1. Dynamic Range Processing and Digital Effects
2. http://www.tangible-technology.com/dynamics/comp_lim_ec_dh_pw2.html
3. http://www.uaudio.com/webzine/2006/april/index4.html
4. http://alesis.com/support/notes/Signal_Processing/Compterm.html
5. www.tcelectronic.com/media/droney_massey_2001_compres.pdf
6. www.tcelectronic.com/media/droney_massey_2001_compres.pdf
7. "HF Radio Systems & Circuits", Sabin & Schoenike, editors. Noble, 1998, pp. 13-25, 271-290