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In Greek mythology, 'Atlas' was one of the primordial Titans.
Atlas (Eng. /'æt ləs/ Gk. Ἄτλας) was the son of the Titan Iapetus (Eng. /aɪ'æ.pə.təs/) and the Oceanid Asia. Κλυμένη 'Klyménē').^[1] Where a Titan and a Titaness are assigned each of the seven planetary powers, Atlas is paired with Phoebe and governs the moon.^[2] He had three brothers — Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoetius.^[3]

Contents

Punishment

Variations

Encounter with Heracles

Etymology

Cultural influence

Children

See also

Modern use

Notes

Gallery

Sources

Punishment

Atlas along with his brother Menoetius sided with the Titans in their war (known as the Titanomachy) against the Olympians. His brothers Prometheus and Epimetheus weighed the odds and betrayed the other Titans by an alliance with the Olympians. When the Titans were defeated, many of them (including Menoetius) were confined to Tartarus, but Zeus condemned Atlas to stand at the western edge of the earth and hold up the Sky on his shoulders, to prevent the two from resuming their primordial embrace.
A common misconception is that Atlas was forced to hold the earth on his shoulders, but this is incorrect. Classical art shows Atlas holding a Celestial Sphere, not a Globe.

Variations

In a late story,^[4] a giant named Atlas tried to drive a wandering Perseus from the place where the Atlas mountains now stand. Later, out of pity, Athena revealed Medusa's head, turning Atlas to stone. As is not uncommon in myth, this account cannot be reconciled with the far more common stories of Atlas' dealings with Heracles, who was Perseus' great-grandson.
According to Plato, the first king of Atlantis was also named Atlas, but that Atlas was a mortal son of Poseidon.^[5] A euhemerist origin for Atlas was as a legendary Atlas, king of Mauretania, an expert astronomer.

Encounter with Heracles

One of the hero Heracles' Twelve Labors involved the acquisition of some of the golden apples which grow in Hera's garden, tended by the Hesperides and guarded by the dragon Ladon. Heracles went to Atlas, the father of the Hesperides, and offered to hold the heavens for a little while in exchange for the apples, to which Atlas agreed. Upon his return with the apples, however, Atlas attempted to trick Heracles into carrying the sky permanently by offering to deliver the apples himself. Heracles, suspecting Atlas didn't intend to return again, pretended to agree to Atlas' offer, asking only that Atlas take the sky again for a few minutes so Heracles could rearrange his cloak as padding on his shoulders. When Atlas set down the apples and took the heavens upon his shoulders again, Heracles took the apples and ran away.
In some versions, Heracles instead built the two great Pillars of Hercules to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas much as he liberated Prometheus.

Etymology

The etymology of the name ''Atlas'' is uncertain and still debated. Virgil took pleasure in translating etymologies of Greek names by combining them with adjectives that explained them: for Atlas his adjective is ''durus'', "hard, enduring",^[6] which suggested to George Doig^[7] that Virgil was aware of the Greek τλήναι "to endure"; Doig offers the further possibility that Virgil was aware of Strabo's remark that the native North African name for this mountain was ''Douris''.^[8]
Some modern linguists derive it and its Greek root from the Proto-Indo-European root ''
★ tel'', 'to uphold, support'; others suggest that it is a pre-Indo-European name. Others suggest that Atlas comes from the Pelasgian language, and is related to the Greek borrowing ''"thalassa"'' (= sea). The Etruscan name for Atlas, ''aril'', is etymologically independent.^[9]

Cultural influence

Atlas' best-known cultural association is in cartography. The first publisher to associate the Titan Atlas with a group of maps was Antonio Lafreri, on the title-page to ''Tavole Moderne Di Geografia De La Maggior Parte Del Mondo Di Diversi Autori''; however, he did not use the word "atlas" in the title of his work, an innovation of Mercator who dedicated his "atlas" specifically "to honour the Titan, Atlas, King of Mauritania, a learned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer."
Since the middle of the sixteenth century, any collection of cartographic maps has come to be called an atlas. Gerardus Mercator was the first to use the word in this way, and he actually depicted the astronomer king.
Atlas continues to be a commonly used icon in western culture (and advertising), as a symbol of strength or stoic endurance. He is often shown kneeling on one knee while supporting an enormous round globe on his back and shoulders. The globe originally represented the celestial sphere of ancient astronomy, rather than the earth. The use of the term atlas as a name for collections of terrestrial maps and the modern understanding of the earth as a sphere have combined to inspire the many depictions of Atlas' burden as the earth.

Children

Sources describe Atlas as the father, by different goddesses, of numerous children, mostly daughters:

★ by Hesperis, the Hesperides;^[10]

★ by Pleione (mythology) (or Aethra^[11])
:
★ the Hyades,^[12]
:
★ a son, Hyas,^[12]
:
★ the Pleiades;^[14]

★ and by one or more unspecified goddesses
:
★ Calypso,^[15]
:
★ Dione,^[16]
:
★ Maera.^[17]
Some of these are assigned conflicting or overlapping identities or parentage in different sources.

See also

★ Farnese Atlas

Modern use

The novelist Ayn Rand named her magnum opus ''Atlas Shrugged''. The title is explained in a passage between two of the protagonists:
"If you saw Atlas, the giant who holds the world on his shoulders, if you saw that he stood, blood running down his chest, his knees buckling, his arms trembling but still trying to hold the world aloft with the last of his strength, and the greater the effort the heavier the world bore down upon his shoulders--what would you tell him to do?"
"I . . . don't know. What . . . could he do? What would you tell him?"
"To shrug."
This attitude reflects the novel's general themes of rational self-interest and Objectivism.

Notes

1. Hesiod, ''Theogony'' 507
2. Classical sources: Homer, ''Iliad'' v.898; Apollonius Rhodius ii. 1232; ''Bibliotheke'' i.1.3; Hesiod, ''Theogony'' 113; Stephanus of Byzantium, under "Adana"; Aristophanes ''Birds'' 692ff; Clement of Rome ''Homilies vi.4.72.
3. Hesiod, ''Theogony'' 371
4. Polyeidos, Fragment 837; Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 4.627
5. Plato, ''Critias
6. ''Aeneid'' iv.247: "''Atlantis duri''" and other instances; see Robert W. Cruttwell, "Virgil, Aeneid, iv. 247: 'Atlantis Duri'" ''The Classical Review'' '59'.1 (May 1945), p. 11.
7. George Doig, "Vergil's Art and the Greek Language" ''The Classical Journal'' '64'.1 (October 1968, pp. 1-6) p. 2.
8. Strabo, 17.3; since the Atlas mountains rise in the region inhabited by Berbers, it could be that the name is taken from one of the Berber languages.
9. Paolo Martino, ''Il nome Etrusco di Atlante'' (Rome: Università di Roma) 1987.
10. Diodorus Siculus, ''The Library of History'' 4.26.2
11. Hyginus, ''Astronomica'' 2.21; Ovid, ''Fasti'' 5.164
12. Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 192
13. Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 192
14. Hesiod, ''Works and Days'' 383; Apollodorus, 3.110; Ovid, ''Fasti'' 5.79
15. Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.52; Apollodorus, E7.23
16. Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 82, 83
17. Pausanias, ''Guide to Greece'' 8.12.7, 8.48.6

Gallery

Sources

★ Origin of "Atlas" for a collection of maps

★ Robert Graves, ''The Greek Myths'', London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-001026-2