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The 'Atbarah River' (Arabic: نهر عطبرة; transliterated: Nahr 'Atbarah) in northeast Africa rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km north of Lake Tana and 30 km west of Gondar. It flows about 805 km (500 mi) to the Nile in north-central Sudan, joining it at the city of Atbarah (). Its tributary, the Tekezé River (Amharic: "Terrible"), is perhaps the true upper course of the Atbarah, as the Tekezé follows the longer course prior to the confluence of the two rivers (at 14° 10' N., 36° E) in northeastern Sudan. The Atbarah is the last tributary of the Nile before it reaches the Mediterranean.
For much of the year, it is little more than a stream. However during the rainy season (generally June to October), the Atbarah rises some 18 ft (5 m) above its normal level. At this time it forms a formidable barrier between the northern and central districts of Ethiopia. Important tributaries of the Atbarah are the Shinfa River which rises west of Lake Tana, and the Greater Angereb which has its source north of the city of Gondar.
The earliest surviving mention of the Atbarah is by Strabo (16.4.8), who calle the river the "Astaboras", which Richard Pankhurst argues should be understood as "''Asta'' of the Boras people" or "River of the Boras people", and points to a number of Roman allusions to a people named the Bora, who lived near Meroe.^[1] Pliny the Elder provides a slightly different etymology of Astaboras, stating that "in the language of the local people" the name means "water coming from the shades below" (''N.H.'' 5.10).
A major battle was fought beside the river in April 1898 between forces of the Khalifa of Sudan and the British Empire, which resulted in the Khalifa's 20,000-strong detachment being destroyed by the British. In 1964, the river was dammed at Kashm-el-Girba in Sudan to provide irrigation in an otherwise fairly arid region.

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External links

See also

★ List of Ethiopian rivers

Notes

1. Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 27

External links

★ Maps of Ethiopia - Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas