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'Twilight' is the time before sunrise or after sunset when sunlight scattered in the upper atmosphere illuminates the lower atmosphere and the surface of the Earth is between light and dark.

Contents

Definitions

On other planets

Significance

See also

References

External links

Definitions

The following guidelines have been established and widely accepted:

★ 'Civil twilight' begins in the morning when the center of the Sun is less than 6° below the horizon, and ends at sunrise. Evening civil twilight begins at sunset and ends when the center of the Sun is more than 6° below the horizon.
The brightest stars appear during civil twilight, as well as planets, such as Venus which has long been known as the 'morning star' and/or 'evening star'. During this period of time there is still enough light from the Sun so that in most cases artificial sources of light are not needed to carry on outdoor activities. This concept is sometimes enshrined in laws, such as when drivers of automobiles must legally turn on their headlights, or if the crime of burglary is to be treated as a night-time burglary, or in the daytime, with the latter determination resulting in a lesser penalty —although a fixed period of time (most commonly 30 minutes after sunset or before sunrise) will form the basis for the application of these statutes, rather than how many degrees the Sun is below the horizon. Civil twilight can also be described as the limit at which twilight illumination is sufficient, under good weather conditions, for terrestrial objects to be clearly distinguished; at the beginning of morning civil twilight, or end of evening civil twilight, the horizon is clearly defined and the brightest stars are visible under good atmospheric conditions in the absence of moonlight or other illumination.

★ 'Nautical twilight' is defined as the time when the center of the Sun is more than 6° below the horizon but less than 12°.
This is the time when sailors can take reliable star sights of well known stars, using a visible horizon for reference. The end of this period in the evening, or its beginning in the morning, is also the time at which traces of illumination near the sunset or sunrise point of the horizon are very difficult if not impossible to discern (this often being referred to as "first light" before dawn and "nightfall" after dusk). At the beginning, in the morning, or at the end of nautical twilight in the evening, under good atmospheric conditions and in the absence of other illumination, general outlines of ground objects may be distinguishable, but detailed outdoor operations are not possible, and the horizon is indistinct. Nautical twilight has military considerations as well. The initialisms BMNT (begin morning nautical twilight) and EENT (end evening nautical twilight) are used and considered when planning military operations. A military unit may treat BMNT and EENT with heightened security (i.e. a process called "stand to" in which everyone pulls security). This is partially due to tactics dating back to the French and Indian War, when warriors on both sides would use BMNT and EENT to launch attacks.

★ 'Astronomical twilight' is defined as the time when the center of the Sun is more than 12° below the horizon but less than 18°.
Most casual observers would consider the entire sky already fully dark even when astronomical twilight is just beginning in the evening or just ending in the morning, and astronomers can easily make observations of s such as stars, but faint diffuse objects such as nebulae and galaxies can only be properly observed beyond the limit of astronomical twilight. Conceptually, the dimmest stars ever visible to the naked eye —those of the sixth magnitude— will appear in the evening once the Sun falls more than 18° below the horizon and disappear when the Sun moves to within 18° of the horizon in the morning; however, due to light pollution, some localities —generally those in large cities— may never have the opportunity to view even fourth-magnitude stars, irrespective of the presence of any twilight at all.
(For these definitions, an ideal horizon 90° from the zenith is used. The above-mentioned altitudes of the sun below the horizon are "true geometric" altitudes, that is, refraction by the atmosphere and other small factors influencing the observed position of the Sun are ''not'' to be accounted for.)
Within the polar circles, 24-hour daylight is encountered in summer, and twilight literally lasts for weeks (in the polar fall and spring). In high latitudes outside the polar circles, 24-hour daylight is not seen, but twilight can extend from sunset to sunrise, a phenomenon often referred to as 'white nights'. Above roughly 60.5°N or S (e.g. Anchorage, Helsinki, Tallinn, Saint Petersburg and Oslo), civil twilight lasts all night at midsummer, while above about 54.5°N or S (e.g. Copenhagen, Moscow, Gdańsk, Glasgow, Belfast, Vilnius, Szczecin and Hamburg), nautical twilight lasts all night at midsummer. Astronomical twilight can last all night for several weeks as far from the poles as 48.5°N or S (e.g. London, Vancouver, Kraków, Prague and Frankfurt).
The length of twilight after sunset and before sunrise is heavily influenced by the latitude of the observer; in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, twilight (if at all) can last for several hours (with none at the poles within a month on either side of the winter solstice), while at the equator, it can go from day to night in as little as 20 minutes. This is because at low latitudes the earth's movement is perpendicular to the observer's horizon. Thus a location on the equator will pass through the various twilight zones directly and quickly. As one gets closer to the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the earth's surface moves toward the observer's horizon from a lower angle. The observer's earthly location will pass through the various twilight zones less directly, taking more time. At temperate-zone latitudes, twilight is shortest at or near both equinoxes, slightly longer around the time of the winter solstice, and much longer in late spring and early summer.
The collateral adjective of "twilight" is 'crepuscular' (for daylight it is "diurnal" and for night, "nocturnal"). The most frequently-encountered use of the term is to apply it to certain species of insects and mammals that are most active during that time.

On other planets

Twilight on Mars is longer than on Earth, lasting for up to two hours before sunrise or after sunset. Dust high in the atmosphere scatters light to the night side of the planet. Similar twilights are seen on Earth following major volcanic eruptions.^[1]

Significance

The immediate onset of morning nautical twilight is probably closest to the time at which Muslims are supposed to make the morning prayer as well as begin their fast, although many consider astronomical twilight to be closer^[2][3]. More precisely, the proper time is just after the diffusion of zodiacal light^[4]. Differences in school of thought as well as confusion about astronomical signs must be taken into consideration. See ''Fajr'' and ''Maghrib'' for the daily prayers performed during dawn and dusk. Jews begin holidays and major fasts, such as Yom Kippur, at sunset; they end them at twilight the following day. Jews begin and end minor fast days at morning and evening twilight.

See also

★ Dusk

★ Daylight

★ Blue hour

★ Green flash

★ Dawn

References

1. NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Winter Solstice on Mars: Rovers Look Forward to A Second Martian Spring, August 7, 2006
2. Al-Fajr As-Sadiq: A New Perspective: [1], August 2,
2007
3. Fajr_Isha_Observations.doc: [2]
4. Sun Apparent Motion and Salat Times: [3]

External links

★ Definition of Twilight, US Naval Observatory

★ Twilight time calculator

★ Formulae to calculate twilight duration, by Herbert Glarner

★ An Excel workbook with VBA functions for twilight (dawn and dusk), sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and solar position (azimuth and elevation); by Greg Pelletier, translated from NOAA's online calculator for sunrise/sunset