 | Ivan the Terrible & Russians vs. Muslim Tatars EUROPEAN HERITAGE LIBRARY WWW.EUROHERITAGE.NET In the 13th century, the Russian Slavic states were obliterated by the Shamanist/Animist Mongol armies and, especially, their Muslim Turkic mercenaries. In the 16th century, Ivan the Terrible crowned himself emperor of the 3rd Rome (as the 2nd had been destroyed by the Jihad of the Ottoman Turks), united most of the Slavs under the new Russia (Muscowy), and led a military invasion against the Muslim occupying armies at Kazan, Astrakhan, etc. His efforts would ultimately lead to the creation of Russia, quickly to become the largest empire on earth (still today). From the Soviet propaganda classic, "Ivan the Terrible". EUROPEAN HERITAGE LIBRARY WWW.EUROHERITAGE.NET |
 | Islam in Russia Islam in Russia Islam is the second largest religion in Russia, and is the religion of many ethnic minorities, as well as of many Slavic converts. Most of the ethnic Muslims are from the Middle Volga and Caucasus region. According to the last census in 2002, about 14.5 million, or 10% of Russia's 144 million population were ethnic Muslims, but some have claimed the number is closer to 20 million. Another approach to measure the number of Islam adherents in Russia is based on self-identification data of a specific ethnic group. The following table provides an overview of the number of Muslim-majority ethnic groups in Russia and what percentage of the population they make up, based on the 2002 Russian Census. The largest Islamic community present resides in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. A large number of Muslim communities are concentrated among the minority nationalities residing between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea: the Adyghes, Balkars, Nogais, Chechens, Circassians, Ingush, Kabardin, Karachay, and numerous Dagestani nationalities. In the middle of the Volga Basin are large populations of Tatars and Bashkirs, most of whom are Muslims. Many Muslims also reside in Perm Krai and Ulyanovsk, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Tyumen, and the Leningrad Oblasts (mostly ethnic Tatars). It is also projected that by the year 2050 half of the population of Russia would be Muslims due to the immigration of Muslims from the Caucasus and Central Asia. The first Muslims within current Russian territory were the Dagestani people (region of Derbent) after the Arab conquests in the 8th century. The first Muslim state in Russia was Volga Bulgaria (922). The Tatars inherited the religion from that state. Later the most of European and Caucasian Turkic peoples also became followers of Islam. Islam in Russia has had a long presence, extending at least as far back as the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, which brought the Tatars and Bashkirs on the Middle Volga into Russia. The lower Volga Muslim Astrakhan Khanate was conquered by the Russian empire in 1556. The Siberia Khanate was conquered by the Russian empire in 16th century by defeating the Siberian Tatars which opened Siberia for Russian conquest. The Crimean Khanate was conquered in 1739 by the Russian Empire. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Russian conquests in the North Caucasus brought the Muslim peoples of this region—Dagestanis, Chechens, Ingush, and others—into the Russian state. The conquest of the Circassians and the Ubykhs turned this peoples to muhajirs. Further afield, the independent states of Central Asia and Azerbaijan were brought into the Russian state as part of the same imperialist push that incorporated the North Caucasus. Most Muslims living in Russia were the indigenous people of lands long ago seized by the expanding Russian empire. Just after the incorporation of the Tatar khanates, the Christianization of the Muslims took place until the reign of Catherine the Great. The first printed Qur'an was published in Kazan, Russia in 1801. Another event in the Islam history of Russia was Wäisi movement, which began in the turn of the 20th century. The Ittifaq al-Muslimin party represented the Muslim minority in the State Duma. Under Communist rule, Islam was oppressed and suppressed, as was any other religion. Many mosques—much like their Christian counterparts, the churches—were closed at that time. For example, the Marcani mosque was the only one acting mosque in Kazan at that time. There was much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to Mecca increased sharply after the embargo of the Soviet era ended in 1990. In 1995 the newly established Union of Muslims of Russia, led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan, began organizing a movement aimed at improving inter-ethnic understanding and ending Russians' lingering misconception of Islam. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-World War I Union of Muslims, which had its own faction in the Russian Duma. The post-Communist union has formed a political party, the Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement, which acts in close coordination with Muslim clergy to defend the political, economic, and cultural rights of Muslims and other minorities. The Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, which includes a madrassa (religious school), opened in Moscow in 1991. In the 1990s, the number of Islamic publications has increased. Among them are two magazines in Russian, "Эхо Кавказа" (transliteration: Ekho Kavkaza) and "Исламский вестник" (Islamsky Vestnik), and the Russian-language newspaper "Исламские новости" (Islamskiye Novosti), which is published in Makhachkala, Dagestan. |
 | САРАЙ-БАТУ - столица Золотой Орды! САРАЙ-БАТУ (Сарай-ал-Махруса — Богохранимый дворец; Старый Сарай, Сарай I) — средневековой город и столица Золотой Орды. После возвращения из венгерского похода, в 1254 году, Батый основал город на Великом Шёлковом пути. Вначале это была ставка кочевья, со временем переросшая в город. Сарай-Бату был столицей, главным политическим центром Золотой орды и просуществовал в этом статусе до 1280-х годов. Он располагался на левом берегу реки Ахтубы. Город располагался вдоль реки на 10 километров и имел площадь 36 км2. Население города, по разным оценкам, составляло от 70 до 600 тысяч человек. По тем временам это был крупнейший город Евразии. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83 Info and Photos: http://www.astrchudo.ru/?id=5 SARAY BATU (Old Saray, Saray-al-Maqrus) was a capital city of the Golden Horde and one of the largest cities of the medieval world, with a population estimated by the Britannica at 600,000. The city was likely located on the Akhtuba river channel of the lower Volga River near contemporary village Selitryannoye in Kharabalinsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, about 120 km north from Astrakhan. Mongol ruler Batu Khan is credited with building the city in the 1240s. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_%28city%29 |
 | Batu Khan's success in Rus (075) The Golden Horde in Rus To his eldest son, Jochi, Genghis Khan gave a vast and indeterminate domain extending from east of present-day Kazakhstan to the banks of the Volga River in todays western Russia. Upon Jochi's death in 1227, his territory was divided by his heirs. The western portion went to his second son, Batu, who subsequently led the Mongol campaign into Europe and thereby extended his domain westward to the Danube River. Batu's khanate became known as the Golden Horde. (The Turkic word "orda", from which the word horde is derived, means an encampment.) It was also known as the khanate of Kipchak, after the Kipchak Turks who originally dominated the region. Over time, they mingled with their Mongol conquerors, and their Turkic language gradually replaced Mongolian. The Mongols themselves became known to Europeans as Tatars (or Tartars), after the Turkic-speaking people who made up a large portion of their forces. Batu established his capital, Sarai, on the eastern bank of the lower Volga, near modern Volgograd. He allowed the local Russian princes to keep their thrones as long as they paid tribute and homage to him. This system operated without significant resistance for more than 130 years. Islam became the official religion of the Golden Horde under Özbeg (Uzbek). His long and prosperous reign, from 1313 to 1341, is generally regarded as the golden age of the Russian Mongols. A period of anarchy followed, during which the real ruler of the Golden Horde was a general named Mamay. The Mongol khan Tokhtamish intervened. He saw an opportunity to expand his domain in southern Siberia, the khanate of the White Horde, which abutted the eastern border of the Golden Horde. By the end of 1378 Tokhtamish occupied Sarai. The final clash between Mamay and Tokhtamish resulted in a complete victory for the White Horde. Now also master of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamish sacked the Moscow in 1382 and reduced the Russians once again to the status of vassals and tributaries. Final Decline of the Golden Horde Emboldened by these victories, Tokhtamish began invading Tamerlane's territories in Central Asia. In response, Tamerlane attacked Tokhtamish, finally defeating him in 1395. In doing so, Tamerlane so greatly weakened the Golden Horde that he unwittingly helped unify the Russians. The Golden Horde broke up in the 1400s, emerging as the independent khanates of Kazan', Astrakhan', Sibir (Siberia), Crimea, White Horde(Ak Orda) and Blue Horde(Kok Orda). In the 1500s three of these independent khanates were conquered by Russian tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Ivan the Terrible), and in 1783 the last one, Crimea, was annexed to Russia. |
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