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The 'Army of Northern Virginia' was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac.

Contents

Origin

Command under Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard

Command under Gen. J. E. Johnston

Corps organization under Johnston

Temporary command under Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith

Command under General R. E. Lee

Corps organization under Lee

Campaigns and battles

Characteristics

See also

References

Notes

Origin

The name ''Army of Northern Virginia'' referred to its primary area of operation, as did most Confederate States Army names. The Army originated as the (Confederate) Army of the Potomac, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in northern Virginia. On July 20 and July 21, the Army of the Shenandoah and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. The Army of the Northwest was merged in just prior to March 14, 1862. The army was renamed ''Army of Northern Virginia'' on March 14, 1862. The Army of the Peninsula was merged in April 12, 1862.^[1].
Robert E. Lee's biographer, Douglas S. Freeman, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862.^[2] However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Joseph E. Johnston, his predecessor in army command, prior to that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact that Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear that the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect.
In addition to Virginians, it included regiments from all over the Confederacy, even those as far away as Texas and Arkansas. Militiamen from the New Mexico and Arizona territories also served among its members.

Command under Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard

The first commander of the Army of Northern Virginia was General P.G.T. Beauregard (under its previous name, Army of the Potomac) from June 20, 1860 to July 20, 1861. His forces consisted of six brigades, with various militia and artillery from the former Department of Alexandria. During his command, Gen. Beauregard is noted for creating the battle flag of the army, which came to be the primary battle flag for all corps and forces under the Army of Northern Virginia. The flag was designed due to confusion during battle between the Confederate "Stars and Bars" flag and the flag of the United States. BGen Beauregard continued commanding these troops as the new First Corps under Gen. J. E. Johnston as it was joined by the Army of the Shenandoah on July 20th, 1861 when command was relinquished to General J. E. Johnston. The following day this army fought its first major engagement in the First Battle of Manassas.

Command under Gen. J. E. Johnston

With the merging of the Army of the Shenandoah, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston took command from July 20, 1861 until May 31, 1862.

Corps organization under Johnston

★ First Corps - commanded by BGen P. G. T. Beauregard

★ Second Corps - commanded by MGen G. W. Smith
Under the command of Johnston, the Army immediately entered into the First Battle of Manassas. On October 22, 1861 the Department of Northern Virginia was officially created, officially ending the Army of the Potomac. The Department comprised three districts: Aquia District, Potomac District and the Valley District. Later, in April of 1862 the Department was expanded to include the Departments of Norfolk and the Peninsula (of Virginia). Gen. Johnston was eventually forced into maneuvering the Army southward to the defenses of Richmond during the opening of the Peninsula Campaign, where it conducted delay and defend tactics until Johnston was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines.

Temporary command under Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith

The army was very briefly commanded by Maj. Gen. Gustavus Woodson Smith on May 31, 1862 following the wounding of Gen. J. E. Johnston, while President Jefferson Davis drafted orders to place Gen. Robert E. Lee in command the following day.

Command under General R. E. Lee

On June 1, 1862, its most famous, and final, leader, General Robert E. Lee, took command after Johnston was wounded, and Smith suffered what may have been a nervous breakdown, at the Battle of Seven Pines. In the first year of his command, Lee had two principal subordinate commanders. The "right wing" of the army was under the command of Lieutenant General James Longstreet and the left wing under Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. These wings were redesignated as the First Corps (Longstreet) and Second Corps (Jackson) on November 6, 1862. Following Jackson's death after the Battle of Chancellorsville, Lee reorganized the army into three corps on May 30, 1863, under Longstreet, Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. A Fourth Corps, under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, was organized on October 19, 1864; on April 8, 1865, it was merged into the Second Corps. The commanders of the first three corps changed frequently in 1864 and 1865. The Cavalry Corps was led by Major General J.E.B. Stuart. It was established on August 17, 1862, and abolished on May 11, 1864 (the day Stuart was mortally wounded), with cavalry units being assigned to the headquarters of the Army. The Reserve Artillery was commanded by Brigadier General William N. Pendleton.¹

Corps organization under Lee

Although the Army of Northern Virginia swelled and shrank over time, its units of organization consisted primarily of the following corps, sometimes referred to as wings:

★ First Corps

★ Second Corps

★ Third Corps

★ Anderson's Corps

★ Cavalry Corps

Campaigns and battles

The Army fought in a number of campaigns and battles, including:

Campaign	Year	Major Battles
Peninsula Campaign	1862	Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)
Seven Days Battles	1862	Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill
Northern Virginia Campaign	1862	Second Bull Run (Second Manassas)
Maryland Campaign	1862	Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Fredericksburg Campaign	1862	Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville Campaign	1863	Chancellorsville
Gettysburg Campaign	1863	Gettysburg
Bristoe Campaign	1863
Mine Run Campaign	1863
Overland Campaign	1864	Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor
Richmond-Petersburg Campaign	1864–65	Siege of Petersburg, including the Battle of the Crater
Appomattox Campaign	1865	Five Forks

On April 9, 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the Civil War, with General Lee signing the papers of surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. The day after his surrender, Lee issued his Farewell Address to his army.

Characteristics

The army was noted for its aggressiveness and audacity^[3][4], almost always pitted in battle against an opponent that outnumbered it^[5], sometimes (such as at Antietam and Chancellorsville) two-to-one.

See also

★ Gettysburg Confederate order of battle (detailed command organization at the Battle of Gettysburg, 1863)

★ Virginia Units in the Civil War

References

★ Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., ''Civil War High Commands'', Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

★ Freeman, Douglas S., ''R. E. Lee, A Biography'' (4 volumes), Scribners, 1934.

Notes

1. Eicher, p. 889.
2. Freeman, vol. 2, p. 78 and footnote 6.
3. Freeman, Vol II, Chap. XXXIV, p. 538.
4. Freeman, Vol III, Chapter 6, Title
5. Freeman, Vol IV, Chap. XI, p. 175