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The 'Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909' or 'Bangkok Treaty of 1909' was a treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 101909 in Bangkok.^[1] The agreement, in which the Malays were not represented, effectively dissected the northern Malay states into two parts. The area around modern Pattani, Narathiwat (Menara), Songkhla (Singgora), Satun (Setul) and Yala (Jala) remained under Thai control, while Thailand relinquished its claims to sovereignty over Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu which remained within the British sphere of influence as protectorates. Originally, Setul and Perlis were part of Kedah. These four states, along with Johor later became known as the Unfederated Malay States.
The British logic for sanctioning the continued Thai occupation of the remaining northern half of the Malaya was the perceived value of Thailand as a friendly buffer against the French in Indochina.
Previously in 1826, both signees of the 1909 treaty agreed to the Burney Treaty. The Burney Treaty stated that Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu were Thai provinces while Penang and Province Wellesly belonged to the British while Thailand would not interfere with British trade in Kelantan and Terengganu.
This agreement has had a long lasting effect on both Thailand and Federation of Malaysia. The border between them was mainly drawn by this treaty. Moreover, to some extent, Pattani separatist movement is due to Pattani's refusal to recognize Thai domination over it and ultimately the deal made between the United Kingdom and Thailand.

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1. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, "International Boundary Study: Malaysia - Thailand Boundary," No. 57, 15 November 1965.