ANGLO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE

The 'Anglo-Russian Entente' or the 'Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907' was an accord signed on August 31, 1907 in St. Petersburg by Count Alexander Izvolsky, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire, and Sir Arthur Nicolson, Great Britain's ambassador in Russia.
The convention capped off several decades of the Great Game between the two powers. It defined their respective spheres of interest in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. Its primary aim was to check German expansion into the area. The Anglo-Russian Entente along with the Entente Cordiale (1904) and the Franco-Russian Alliance (1892) formed the Triple Entente between the UK, France and Russia.
The convention had three sections, dealing with Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet. Persia was divided into three zones: a British zone in the south, a Russian zone in the north, and a narrow neutral zone serving as buffer in between. (The Convention was very careful not to call any of these zones a sphere of influence, for fear it would look like the Great Powers were partitioning Persia.) As regards Afghanistan, Russia recognized the country as a semi-protectorate of Great Britain and "abandoned its earlier efforts to establish direct relations with the emir".^[1] Following the British expedition to Tibet, both powers agreed to maintain territorial integrity of this buffer state and "to deal with Lhasa only through China, the suzerain power".^[2]
The accord concerning Persia, which had 5 articles, was signed without the participation or knowledge of the Persian government, and was thus eventually met with a bitter response from Iran's parliament. Iran was officially informed of the Accord later, on September 16, 1907. Similarly, the Emir of Afghanistan refused to acknowledge the agreement concerning Afghanistan. And the Tibetans never acknowledged China's suzerain rights over their country.

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References

;General

★ Adelson, R. ''London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power and War, 1902-1922''. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 1995. p.59-62.

★ Siegel, Jennifer. ''Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2002.
;Inline
1. Quoted from: Lowe, John. ''The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865-1925''. Routledge, 1994. Page 138.
2. Quoted from: Hopkirk, Peter. ''The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia''. ISBN 1568360223. Page 520.

See also

★ Entente Cordiale