ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY

This page lists some links to 'ancient philosophy'. In Europe, the spread of Christianity through the Roman world marked the end of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy.

Contents

Western philosophy

Hellenistic schools of thought

Indian philosophy

Vedic philosophy

Classical Indian philosophy

Old Iranian philosophy

Chinese philosophy

External links

Western philosophy

===Presocratic philosophers===

★ Milesian School
:Thales (624-546 BC)
:Anaximander (610-546 BC)
:Anaximenes (585-525 BC)

★ Pythagoreans
:Pythagoras (582-507 BC)
:Alcmaeon of Croton
:Archytas (428-347 BC)

★ Heraclitus (535-475 BC)

★ Pluralist School
:Empedocles (490-430 BC)
:Anaxagoras (500-428 BC)
:Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) (5th century BC)

★ Eleatics
:Parmenides (515-450 BC)
:Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC)
:Diogenes of Apollonia (460-? BC)
:Philolaus (480-405 BC)
:Melissus of Samos (470-? BC)
:Xenophanes (570-480 BC)

★ Atomists
:Leucippus (first half of 5th century BC)
:Democritus (460-370 BC)
:Metrodorus of Chios (4th century BC)

★ Pherecydes of Syros (6th century BC)

★ Sophists
:Gorgias (483-375 BC)
:Protagoras (481-420 BC)
:Antiphon (480-411 BC)
:Prodicus (465/450-after 399 BC)
:Hippias (middle of the 5th century BC)
:Thrasymachus (459-400 BC)
:Callicles
:Critias
:Lycophron
===Classical Greek philosophers===

★ Socrates (469-399 BC)

★ Euclid of Megara (450-380 BC)

★ Antisthenes (445-360 BC)

★ Aristippus (435-356 BC)

★ Plato (428-347 BC)

★ Speusippus (407-339 BC)

★ Diogenes of Sinope (400-325 BC)

★ Xenocrates (396-314 BC)

★ Aristotle (384-322 BC)

★ Stilpo (380-300 BC)

★ Theophrastus (370-288 BC)
===Hellenistic philosophy===

★ Pyrrho (365-275 BC)

★ Epicurus (341-270 BC)

★ Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (331–278 BC)

★ Zeno of Citium (333-263 BC)

★ Cleanthes (331-232 BC)

★ Timon (320-230 BC)

★ Arcesilaus (316-232 BC)

★ Menippus (3rd century BC)

★ Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC)

★ Chrysippus (280-207 BC)

★ Carneades (214-129 BC)

★ Kleitomachos (187-109 BC)

★ Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd century BC)

★ Philo of Larissa (160-80 BC)

★ Posidonius (135-51 BC)

★ Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 BC)

★ Aenesidemus (1st century BC)

★ Philo of Alexandria (30 BC - 45 AD)

★ Agrippa (1st century AD)

Hellenistic schools of thought

★ Cynicism

★ Epicureanism

★ Hedonism

★ Eclecticism

★ Neo-Platonism

★ Skepticism

★ Stoicism

★ Sophism
===Philosophers during Roman times===

★ Cicero (106-43 BC)

★ Lucretius (94-55 BC)

★ Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD)

★ Musonius Rufus (30 AD - 100 AD)

★ Plutarch (45-120 AD)

★ Epictetus (55-135 AD)

★ Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD)

★ Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD)

★ Alcinous (2nd century AD)

★ Sextus Empiricus (3rd century AD)

★ Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd century AD)

★ Ammonius Saccas (3rd century AD)

★ Plotinus (205-270 AD)

★ Porphyry (232-304 AD)

★ Iamblichus (242-327 AD)

★ Themistius (317-388 AD)

★ Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD)

★ Proclus (411-485 AD)

★ Philoponus of Alexandria (490-570 AD)

★ Damascius (462-540 AD)

★ Boethius (472-524 AD)

★ Simplicius of Cilicia (490-560 AD)

Indian philosophy

Vedic philosophy

Indian philosophy begins with the ''Vedas'' where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous Rigvedic ''Hymn of Creation'' the poet says:
"Whence all creation had its origin,
he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
he knows--or maybe even he does not know."
In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (''Purusha''). This leads to the inquiry into ''the one being'' that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed ''rta'' and causal law by ''karma''. Nature (''prakriti'') is taken to have three qualities (''sattva'', ''rajas'', and ''tamas'').

★ Vedas

★ Upanishads

★ Hindu philosophy

Classical Indian philosophy

In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:

★ What is the ontological nature of consciousness?

★ How is cognition itself experienced?

★ Is mind (''chit'') intentional or not?

★ Does cognition have its own structure?
The Six schools of Indian philosophy are:

★ Nyaya

★ Vaisheshika

★ Samkhya

★ Yoga

★ Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)

★ Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)
Other traditions of Indian philosophy include:

★ Hindu philosophy

★ Buddhist philosophy

★ Jain philosophy

★ Sikh philosophy

★ Carvaka (atheist) philosophy
Some ancient philosophers:

★ Asanga (c. 300), exponent of the Yogacara

★ Bhartrihari (c 450–510 AD), early figure in Indic linguistic theory

★ Bodhidharma (c. 440–528 AD), founder of the Zen school of Buddhism

★ Chanakya (c.350 - c.275 BC) , author of Arthashastra, professor (acharya) of political science at the Takshashila University

★ Dignāga (c. 500), one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic.

★ Gautama Buddha (563 BC - 483 BC), founder of Buddhist school of thought

★ Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd century AD), wrote the Nyaya Sutras, considered to be the foundation of the Nyaya school.

★ Kanada (c. 600 BC), founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika, gave theory of atomism

★ Jaimini, author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras

★ Kapila (c. 500 BC), proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy

★ Nagarjuna (c. 150 - 250 AD), the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of Mahāyāna Buddhism.

★ Panini (520–460 BC), grammarian, author of Ashtadhyayi

★ Patañjali (between 200 BC and 400 AD), developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.

★ Pingala (c. 500 BC), author of the Chandas shastra

★ Syntipas (c. 100 BC), author of ''The Story of the Seven Wise Masters''.

★ Tiruvalluvar (between 100 BC and 300 AD), author of Thirukkural, one of the greatest ethical works in Tamil language

★ Vasubandhu (c. 300 AD), one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.

★ Vyasa, author of several important works in Hindu philosophy

★ Yajnavalkya (c. 800 BC), linked to philosophical teachings of the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, and the apophatic teaching of 'neti neti' etc.

Old Iranian philosophy

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe. The first charter of human rights by Cyrus the Great is widely seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra and developed in Zoroastrian schools of thought.

★ Zoroastrianism

★
★ Zarathustra

★
★ ''Avesta''

★
★ ''Gathas''

★ Mazdakism

★ Manichaeism

Chinese philosophy

In China, less emphasis was put upon materialism as a basis for reflecting upon the world and more on conduct, manners and social behaviour, as evidenced by Taoism and Confucianism.

★ Chinese philosophy -- Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism

★ Buddhist philosophy arose in India but contributions to it were also made in China, Japan, and Korea.

★ Eastern philosophy

External links

★ Internet sources