AMBIENT MUSIC

'Ambient music' refers to a kind of music that envelops the listener without drawing attention to itself ^[1]

History

The term "ambient music" was first coined by Brian Eno in the mid-1970s to refer to music that can be either "actively listened to with attention or as easily ignored, depending on the choice of the listener" (Eno, who describes himself as a "non-musician" termed his experiments in sound as "treatments" rather than as traditional performances). Hence, Brian Eno is considered the father of ambient music: his 1978 release ''Ambient 1: Music for Airports'' includes a manifesto describing this music. Although having coined the word "ambient", he is also quick to reference the works and influence of Erik Satie. Eno coined the term in an essay to distance his work from elevator music and Muzak, it is more often similar to mood music or an ambient background in movie and radio sound effects.
Many of the works of turn of the century French composer Erik Satie are regarded as predecessors to ambient music. He referred to some of his music as "''Musique d'ameublement''" ('furniture music', or more literally, 'music for the furniture' and 'music to mingle with knives and forks'), referring to something that could be played during dinner and would simply create an atmosphere for that activity rather than be the focus of attention. Similarly some of the works of the French composer Edgard Varèse, who used the theremin extensively in his compositions as well as atonal techniques and non-standard time signatures, can also be viewed as predecessors of ambient music.
The earliest electronic soundscape music and theories come from the work of Pierre Schaeffer who followed the futurists in classifying music into categories such as man made, natural, short and long. He made some of the first electronic music using record players and natural sounds, and cutting up tape, making the first experimental music use of recording and magnetic tape (Musique Concrete). Even his work can be seen as preempted by Schopenhauer's ideas of 'soundworlds', literally worlds made up entirely of sounds. Karlheinz Stockhausen created pioneering electronic musical experiments later in 1955, and these two (amongst others) lay the groundwork for ambient music to appear decades later when music technology had developed.
John Cage created the ultimate ambient work with his 4'33", three periods of silence first played on the piano, which make the audience listen to the ambient sound surrounding them. Cage inspired minimalist composers such as La Monte Young, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, Steve Reich and Philip Glass also influenced Eno's groundbreaking style, and ambient music can be seen as a kind of minimalism.
Early albums by Pink Floyd (such as ''Ummagumma'' and ''Meddle'') and by the "''kosmische Musik''"-oriented krautrock artists, like Tangerine Dream, Popol Vuh, and Cluster have greatly influenced the genre. Among the first electronic ambient albums were ''Affenstunde'' (1970) and ''In Den Garten Pharaos'' (1971) by Popol Vuh. Another important album was Sonic Seasonings (1972) by Wendy Carlos. Other early artists such as Klaus Schulze (a former member of Tangerine Dream and Ash Ra Tempel), Jean Michel Jarre, and Kraftwerk in the 1970s and 1980s were influential. In the 1970s, some ambient, krautrock, and other musicians who were influenced by new age spirituality created the eclectic genre known as New Age music, selling millions independent from the mainstream music industry by direct order or new age shops. By the 1980s, New Age music had become so much better known than ambient music, that ambient was taken as a synonym for "New Age", and many ambient musicians deliberately took on new age themes to market themselves to this audience.

Influences on other genres

Beginning in the 1980s, Ambient music influenced some pop bands (examples can be found among instrumentals by New Order, Depeche Mode, Simple Minds and U2). Later, electronic dance music and synth pop merged in many artists' works with the dreamy, meandering sound of Eno-style ambient music. Under the guise of various styles, this new genre sometimes referred to as ambient house, ambient techno, ambient dub, IDM, ambience, or simply "ambient" in common use, saw the birth of a new wave of artists like The Orb, Aphex Twin, the Irresistible Force, and Geir Jenssen's Biosphere.
Early Warp records artists, (as well as later ones such as Aphex Twin), FSOL Future Sound of London (Lifeforms, ISDN) Autechre, (Incunabula, Amber), Boards of Canada, Massive Attack, Portishead, and The KLF all took a part in popularising and diversifying ambient music.

Soundtracks

Ambient music has been used in many television shows and motion pictures and is notable for contributing to their atmosphere. Being an alternative to canned incidental music or stock music cues, it also gives the musician artistic freedom. The traditional practice of composing for film or television usually involves the composer creating recognizable theme songs or jingles for the setting, hero or villain, and for plot elements such as love interest, action, and death scenes. However, ambient music is noted for taking a less formulaic approach in its use in film and TV shows. David Lynch's 1984 film Dune, for example, forgoes the epic sci-fi adventure style theme music popularized by Star Wars in favor of a more atmospheric music score by Toto and Brian Eno.

Related forms and styles

Ambient dub

Ambient Dub was a phrase first coined by the now defunct Beyond record label in early 1990s in Birmingham, England as well as later from noteworthy electronic musician and re-mixer Bill Laswell. It involves the genre melding of dub styles made famous by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists with DJ inspired ambient electronica, complete with all the inherent drop-outs, echo, equalization and psychedelic electronic effects. As writer and performer David Toop explains on the liner notes of such defining ambient dub releases as "Earthjuice" and the "Ambient Dub" (A.D.) series of releases on Waveform Records, "Dub music is like a long echo delay, looping through time...turning the rational order of musical sequences into an ocean of sensation."

Organic ambient music

Organic ambient music is characterised by integration of electronic, electric, and musical instruments. Aside from the usual electronic music influences, organic ambient tends to incorporate influences from world music, especially drone instruments and hand percussion. Organic ambient is intended to be more harmonious with nature than with the disco. Some of the artists in this sub-genre include Robert Rich, Steve Roach, Vidna Obmana, Oophoi, Jeff Grenke, Deepspace,^[2] O Yuki Conjugate, James Johnson, Neal Merrick AKA Neal Merrick Blackwood, Loren Nerell, and Tuu.
Some works by ambient pioneers such as Brian Eno, which use a combination of traditional (such as piano) and electronic instruments, would be considered organic ambient music in this sense. In the 70's and 80's Klaus Schulze often recorded string ensembles and performances by solo cellists to go along with his extended Moog synthesizer workouts.

Nature inspired ambient music

The music is composed from samples and recordings of naturally occurring sounds. Sometimes these samples can be treated to make them more instrument-like. The samples may be arranged in repetitive ways to form a conventional musical structure or may be random and unfocused. Sometimes the sound is mixed with urban or "found" sounds. Examples include much of Biosphere's ''Substrata'', Alio Die's Meiyju, Mira Calix's insect music and Chris Watson's ''Weather Report''. Some overlap occurs between organic ambient and nature inspired ambient. One of the first albums in the genre, Wendy Carlos' ''Sonic Seasonings'', combines sampled and synthesized nature sounds with ambient melodies and drones for a particularly relaxing effect.

Dark ambient

Main articles: Dark ambient

Dark ambient is a general term for any kind of ambient music with a "dark" or dissonant feel, but often involves extensive use of digital reverb to create vast sonic spaces for frightening, bottom-heavy sounds such as deep drones, gloomy male chorus, echoing thunder, and distant artillery. It has an eerie feel. Robert Rich's collaboration with Lustmord on ''Stalker'' epitomizes this sub-genre. Related styles include 'ambient industrial' and 'isolationist ambient'. ''(See also List of dark ambient artists)''
There are also a few black metal bands, such as Burzum, who produce ambient music, be it not always with such a dark atmosphere.

Ambient Techno

Main articles: Ambient Techno

A rarefied, more specific reorientation of ambient house, Ambient Techno is usually applied to artists such as B12, early Aphex Twin, the Black Dog, Higher Intelligence Agency, and Biosphere. It distinguished artists who combined the melodic and rhythmic approaches of techno and electro -- use of 808 and 909 drum machines; well-produced, thin-sounding electronics; minor-key melodies and alien-sounding samples and sounds -- with the soaring, layered, aquatic atmospheres of beatless and experimental ambient. Most often associated with labels such as Apollo, GPR, Warp, and Beyond, the terminology morphed into "intelligent techno" after Warp released its Artificial Intelligence series (although the music's stylistic references remained largely unchanged).

Ambient industrial

Main articles: Ambient industrial

Ambient industrial is a hybrid genre of ambient and industrial music; the term industrial being used in the original experimental sense, rather than in the sense of industrial metal or EBM. A "typical" ambient industrial work (if there is a such thing) might consist of evolving dissonant harmonies of metallic drones and resonances, extreme low frequency rumbles and machine noises, perhaps supplemented by gongs, percussive rhythms, bullroarers, distorted voices and/or anything else the artist might care to sample (often processed to the point where the original sample is no longer recognizable). Entire works may be based on radio telescope recordings, the babbling of newborn babies, or sounds recorded through contact microphones on telegraph wires.
Among the many artists who work in this area are Coil, CTI, Lustmord, Susumu Yokota , Hafler Trio, Nocturnal Emissions, Zoviet France, PGR, Thomas Köner, Controlled Bleeding, and Deutsch Nepal. It is important to note, however, that many of these artists are very eclectic in their output, with much of it falling outside of ambient industrial per se.

Space music

Main articles: Space music

'Space music', also spelled 'spacemusic', includes music from the Ambient genre as well as a broad range of other genres with certain characteristics in common to create the experience of contemplative spaciousness.^[3]^[4]^[5]
Space music ranges from simple to complex sonic textures sometimes lacking conventional melodic, rhythmic, or vocal components,^[6]^[7]
generally evoking a sense of "continuum of spatial imagery and emotion",^[8]
beneficial introspection, deep listening^[9]
and sensations of floating, cruising or flying.^[10]^[11]
Space music is used by individuals for both background enhancement and foreground listening, often with headphones, to stimulate relaxation, contemplation, inspiration and generally peaceful expansive moods^[12] Space music is also a component of many film soundtracks, commonly used in planetariums, and used as a relaxation aid and for meditation.^[13]
Hearts of Space is a well-known radio show and affiliated record label, specializing in Space Music since 1984, having released over 150 albums devoted to the music style. Notable artists who have brought elements of Ambient music to Space music include Michael Hedges, Michael Stearns, Constance Demby, Jean Michel Jarre, Giles Reaves, Robert Rich, Steve Roach, Dweller at the Threshold, Klaus Schulze and Tangerine Dream (as well as the group's founder Edgar Froese).

Isolationist ambient music

Also known as 'isolationism'. The term was popularized in the mid-1990s by the British magazine The Wire and the Ambient 4: Isolationism compilation from Virgin, this began as more or less a synonym for ambient industrial, but also inclusive of certain post-techno streams of ambient, such as Autechre and Aphex Twin.[2] The Sombient label is now the primary purveyor of isolationist ambient, in particular with the "drones" compilation series. Some of the artists known for this style of ambient music include Robert Fripp and Chuck Hammer Guitarchitecture.

Political ambient music

This particular style stands in direct contrast to the apolitical, or ''acontextual'', "disconnected" sound which is argued that other forms of ambient music represent, in that these other forms either reinforce or stand commentless on existing social, sexual and political structures and the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. Terre Thaemlitz's ''Soil'' and ''Tranquilizer'' releases in the early and mid-1990s served to introduce this form of ambient music, continued in later releases such as ''Couture Cosmetique'' and ''Means from an End'', which aim to recast the usually passive artist-listener-environment equation. Thaemlitz' colleagues in the political ambient music front include the sound activist group Ultra-red. Following their remixes of Thaemlitz' ''Still Life with Numerical Analysis'' in 1998, Ultra-red joined Thaemlitz on the German label Mille Plateaux for their first two albums; ''Second Nature: An Electroacoustic Pastoral'' (1999) and ''Structural Adjustments'' (2000). Through these releases and others, Ultra-red developed a kind of ambient sound activism combining situationist radicalism with the sound research techniques of the acoustic ecology movement. In 2004, Ultra-red launched their own creative commons online label, Public Record, to showcase works of politically-engaged ambient music. In additional to Ultra-red, other artists to appear on Public Record include Elliot Perkins (formerly Phonem) and Sony Mao.

Other "less ambient" ambient styles

There are many other styles which identify themselves as ambient music. There is information on these styles on other pages, but many artists who are not in the new age world of music making produce albums which mix beatless ambient music with downtempo electronica, so the categories have blurred edges. Chill out (music) is generally linked to club culture and is sometimes used as a term which includes ambient music as a subset of itself. UK techno developed in particular at Warp Records in Sheffield, where previous electronic pioneers such as Cabaret Voltaire and Autechre laid the groundwork for ambient techno to develop, and for Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada to develop later. From this scene developed ambient dub and ambient techno. Intelligent Dance Music is another term synonymous with this scene. Electroacoustic and acousmatic music are 'classical' art music forms that use electronic sound creation instead of or alongside acoustic instruments. Glitch music is a subset of this work. Some club groups have made live ambient music, mixing dub techniques and styles with ambient textures and dance grooves, for example artists such as Sonic State, Junkielover, The Orb, Chillage People, H.U.V.A. Network, Solar Fields, The Starsound Orchestra, Eastern Sun, and the Kuma Mela Project.

Notable musicians and works in chronological order

Main articles: List of ambient artists

Artist name	Influential works
Erik Satie	1917 - ''Furniture music'' (1) 1920 - ''Furniture music'' (2) 1923 - ''Furniture music'' (3)
Edgard Varèse	1934 - ''Ecuatorial''
Pierre Schaeffer	1948 - ''Etude aux Chemins de Fer''
Terry Riley	1964 - ''In C'' 1968 - ''A Rainbow in Curved Air''
Miles Davis	1969 - ''In A Silent Way'' 1974 - ''Big Fun'' for "Orange Lady" 1974 - ''Get Up With It'' for "He Loved Him Madly"
Popol Vuh	1970 - ''Affenstunde'' 1971 - ''In den Gärten Pharaos''
Cluster	1971 - ''Cluster'' 1972 - ''Cluster II'' 1974 - ''Zuckerzeit'' 1976 - ''Soweisoso'' 1977 - ''Cluster & Eno'' (with Brian Eno) 1978 - ''After The Heat'' (with Brian Eno) 1979 - ''Grosses Wasser'' 1980 - ''Live In Vienna'' (with Joshi Farnbauer) 1981 - ''Curiosum'' 1991 - ''Apropos Cluster'' 1995 - ''One Hour'' 1997 - ''Japan 1996 Live'' 1997 - ''First Encounter Tour 1996''
Pink Floyd	1971 - ''Meddle''
Tangerine Dream	1971 - ''Alpha Centauri'' 1972 - ''Zeit'' 1974 - ''Phaedra'' 1975 - ''Rubycon'' 1975 - ''Ricochet'' 1976 - ''Stratosfear'' — 2000 - ''The Seven Letters from Tibet''
Wendy Carlos	1972 - ''Sonic Seasonings''
Klaus Schulze	1972 - ''Irrlicht'' 1973 - ''Cyborg'' 1974 - ''Blackdance'' 1975 - ''Timewind'' 1976 - ''Moondawn'' 1977 - ''Mirage'' 1977 - ''Body Love Vol. 2'' 1978 - ''X'' 1979 - ''Dune'' 1995 - ''In Blue'' — With Pete Namlook: 1994 - ''Dark Side of the Moog I - Wish you were there'' 1994 - ''Dark Side of the Moog II - A saucerful of ambience'' 2002 - ''Dark Side of the Moog IX - Set the controls for the heart of the mother'' 2005 - ''Dark Side of the Moog X - Astro know me domina''
Can	1973 - ''Future Days'' 1974 - ''Soon Over Babaluma''
Gong	1973 - ''Flying Teapot'' for "The Octave Doctors and the Crystal Machine" 1974 - ''You'' for "A Sprinkling of Clouds"
Fripp & Brian Eno	1973 - ''No Pussyfooting'' 1975 - ''Evening Star'' 2005 - ''The Equatorial Stars''
Kraftwerk	1975 - ''Radio-Activity''
Harmonia''	1974 - ''Musik Von Harmonia'' 1997 - ''Tracks and Traces''
Neu!	1975 - ''Neu! '75''
Brian Eno	1975 - ''Another Green World'' 1975 - ''Discreet Music'' 1978 - ''Ambient 1 / Music For Airports'' 1980 - ''Fourth World 1 / Possible Musics'' (with Jon Hassell) 1982 - ''Ambient 4 / On Land'' 1983 - ''
Steve Reich	1976-1978 - ''Music for 18 Musicians''
Jean Michel Jarre	1976 - ''Oxygene'' 1978 - ''Equinoxe''
Chuck Hammer	1977 - ''Guitarchitecture''
Michael Stearns	1978 - ''Ancient Leaves'' 1979 - ''Morning Jewel'' 1981 - ''Planetary Unfolding'' 1984 - ''M'ocean'' 1988 - ''Encounter'' 2000 - ''Within''
Earthstar	1978 - ''Salterbarty Tales'' 1981 - ''Atomkraft? Nein, Danke!'' 1982 - ''Humans Only''
Robert Fripp	1981 - ''Let The Power Fall'' 1998 - ''The Gates Of Paradise
Steve Roach	1984 - ''Structures from Silence'' 1988 - ''Quiet Music'' 1988 - ''Dreamtime Return'' 1993 - ''Origins'' 1994 - ''Artifacts'' 1996 - ''The Magnificent Void'' 2000 - ''Early Man'' 2003 - ''Mystic Chords & Sacred Spaces''
Coil	1984 - ''How to Destroy Angels'' 1998 - ''Time Machines''
The KLF	1990 - ''Chill Out''
Enigma	1990 - ''MCMXC A.D.''
The Orb	1991 - ''The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld'' 1992 - ''U.F.Orb''
David Morley	1992 - ''Evolution'' 1993 - ''The Shuttle EP'' 1995 - ''Angular Art'' 1998 - ''Stardancer'' 1998 - ''Tilted'' 2007 - ''Ghosts''
Biosphere	1992 - ''Microgravity'' 1994 - ''Patashnik'' 1997 - ''Substrata''
Aphex Twin	1992 - ''Selected Ambient Works 85-92'' 1994 - ''Selected Ambient Works Volume II''
Pete Namlook	1992 - ''Silence I'' 1993 - ''Air I'' 1994 - ''Air II'' 1996 - ''Outland 2'' (with Bill Laswell) 1996 - ''The Fires of Ork'' (with Geir Jensen of Biosphere)
Moby aka Voodoo Child	1993 - ''Ambient'' 1996 - ''The End of Everything'' (as Voodoo Child) 2005 - ''
Robert Leiner	1994 - ''Visions of the past''
Global Communication	1994 - ''
Alpha Wave Movement	1995 - ''Transcendence'' 2000 - ''Drifted Into Deeper Lands''
LVX Nova	1996 - ''LVX Nova (self-titled)''
MK Emre	1996 - ''The Tower'' 2006 - ''Solace'' 2007 - ''Fairy Tales /in six volumes''
Stargarden	1998 - ''Ambient Excursions'' 1999 - ''The Art of Analog Diversion'' 2001 - ''Step Off'' 2003 - ''Music for Modern Listening''
Sounds From the Ground	1996 - ''Kin'' 2000 - ''Terra Firma'' 2004 - ''Luminal'' 2006 - ''High Rising''
Future Sound of London	1994 - ''Lifeforms'' 1994 - ''ISDN''
Vir Unis	1999 - ''The Undivided Flow''
Richard Bone	1998 - ''The Spectral Ships'' 1999 - ''Ether Dome''
Stars of the Lid	1999 - ''Avec Laudenum'' 2001 - ''The Tired Sounds Of Stars Of The Lid''
Darshan Ambient	1999 - ''The End Of Days'' 2005 - ''Autumn's Apple''
Marvin Ayres	1999 - ''Cellosphere'' 2002 - ''Neptune''
Ishq	2001 - ''Ishq'' 2001 - ''Orchid''
Rados	2001 - ''The Transparent Man'' 2001 - ''My soul is at the end of the universe''
William Basinski	2002 - ''The River'' 2002-2003 - ''Disintegration Loops I, II, III and IV''
Deepspace	2007 - ''Slow Moving Lifeforms Volume 1 (to be released July 2007) 2007 - ''The Barometric Sea''

Notable films incorporating ambient music or sound design

Film	Director	Composer or Sound Designer	Comments
1956 - ''Forbidden Planet''	Fred Wilcox	Louis and Bebe Barron (electronic tonalities)	This soundtrack definitely was ahead of its time with its spacey ambient sounds
1968 - ''	Stanley Kubrick	György Ligeti (composer "Monolith" and "Beyond Saturn" themes) Winston Ryder (sound editor)	"A cutting edge ambient, multimedia accomplishment...the ambient revolution, now and for the past couple of decades, owes much of its impetus to the achievement of 2001." -- D.B. Spalding [3]
1971 - ''THX 1138''	George Lucas	Lalo Schifrin (composer) Walter Murch (sound design)	Murch's "Theater of Noise" offered as alternate soundtrack on Director's Cut DVD
1972 - ''Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes''	Werner Herzog	Popol Vuh (composer)
1976 - ''Sebastiane''	Derek Jarman	Brian Eno (composer)
1977 - ''Eraserhead''	David Lynch	Alan Splet (sound design)	Features innovative ambient noise sound design in place of musical score.
1977 - ''Sorcerer''	William Friedkin	Tangerine Dream (Composer)
1980 - ''The Elephant Man''	David Lynch	Alan Splet (sound design)
1986 - ''The Hitcher''	Robert Harmon	Mark Isham (composer)
1989 - ''For All Mankind''	Al Reinert	Brian Eno (composer)	Score released as ''
1997 - ''Insomnia''	Erik Skjoldbjærg	Biosphere (composer)
2001 - ''Traffic''	Steven Soderbergh	Cliff Martinez (composer) Brian Eno (composer- end theme)
2002 - ''Solaris''	Steven Soderbergh	Cliff Martinez (composer)
2005 - ''Me and You and Everyone We Know''	Miranda July	Michael Andrews (composer)
2006 - ''The Prestige (film)''	Christopher Nolan	David Julyan (composer)

Notable FM and satellite ambient radio shows

★ Hearts of Space, a space music program, featuring Ambient music as well as other genres, broadcast on NPR in the US since 1973. Hosted by Stephen Hill.^[5] ^[15]^[6]^[17]^[18]

★ Musical Starstreams, a US-based commercial radio station and internet program produced, programmed and hosted by Forest since 1981.

★ XM Radio's AudioVisions channel 77, plays individual ambient pieces as well as playing including a the two-hour weekly program Starstreams.

★ Echoes, is a daily two-hour music radio program hosted by John Diliberto featuring a soundscape of ambient, spacemusic, electronica, new acoustic and new music directions - founded in 1989 and syndicated on 130 radio stations in the USA.

★ Star's End a radio show on 88.5 WXPN, the University of Pennsylvania's radio station in Philadelphia. Founded in 1976, it is the second longest-running ambient music radio show in the world.^[19]

★ Ultima Thule Ambient Music, a weekly 90-minute show broadcast on community radio in Sydney, Adelaide and Canberra since 1989.

★ Australian radio station Triple J's show ''Sound Lab'' at 11pm on Sunday nights regularly focuses on Australian and international ambient, electronic and experimental music.

★ Ambient Zone RTR FM Perth, Western Australia, is a weekly two-hour music radio program that highlights new releases and selections of great ambient and electronica music. Founded in 1993, it also streams live [www.rtrfm.com.au].

External links

★ Ambient Techno in 'Sound on Sound'

★ Ambient Music Guide to ambient music style, including reviews of important ambient works.

★ Ambient Music Guide Comprehensive ambient music resource site.

References

1. History of Ambient
2. Calmscape portal for chillout, ambient and downbeat music - "must-have for 2007"
3. "... Originally a 1970s reference to the conjunction of ambient electronics and our expanding visions of cosmic space ... In fact, almost any music with a slow pace and space-creating sound images could be called spacemusic." Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, ''What is spacemusic?''
4. "Any music with a generally slow, relaxing pace and space-creating imagery or atmospherics may be considered Space Music, without conventional rhythmic elements, while drawing from any number of traditional, ethnic, or modern styles." Lloyde Barde, July/August 2004, ''Making Sense of the Last 20 Years in New Music''
5. "When you listen to space and ambient music you are connecting with a tradition of contemplative sound experience whose roots are ancient and diverse. The genre spans historical, ethnic, and contemporary styles. In fact, almost any music with a slow pace and space-creating sound images could be called spacemusic." Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, ''What is spacemusic?''
6. "A timeless experience...as ancient as the echoes of a simple bamboo flute or as contemporary as the latest ambient electronica. Any music with a generally slow pace and space-creating sound image can be called spacemusic. Generally quiet, consonant, ethereal, often without conventional rhythmic and dynamic contrasts, spacemusic is found within many historical, ethnic, and contemporary genres."Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, sidebar "What is Spacemusic?" in essay ''Contemplative Music, Broadly Defined''
7. "The early innovators in electronic "space music" were mostly located around Berlin. The term has come to refer to music in the style of the early and mid 1970s works of Klaus Schulze, Tangerine Dream, Ash Ra Tempel, Popol Vuh and others in that scene. The music is characterized by long compositions, looping sequencer patterns, and improvised lead melody lines." - John Dilaberto, ''Berlin School'', ''Echoes Radio on-line music glossary''
8. "This music is experienced primarily as a continuum of spatial imagery and emotion, rather than as thematic musical relationships, compositional ideas, or performance values." Essay by Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, ''New Age Music Made Simple''
9. "Innerspace, Meditative, and Transcendental... This music promotes a psychological movement inward." Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, essay titled ''New Age Music Made Simple''
10. "...Spacemusic ... conjures up either outer "space" or "inner space" " - Lloyd Barde, founder of Backroads Music ''Notes on Ambient Music,'' Hyperreal Music Archive
11. "Space And Travel Music: Celestial, Cosmic, & Terrestrial... This New Age sub-category has the effect of outward psychological expansion. Celestial or cosmic music removes listeners from their ordinary acoustical surroundings by creating stereo sound images of vast, virtually dimensionless spatial environments. In a word — spacey. Rhythmic or tonal movements animate the experience of flying, floating, cruising, gliding, or hovering within the auditory space."Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, in an essay titled ''New Age Music Made Simple''
12. " Restorative powers are often claimed for it, and at its best it can create an effective environment to balance some of the stress, noise, and complexity of everyday life." -- Stephen Hill, Founder, Music from the Hearts of Space ''What is Spacemusic?''
13. "This was the soundtrack for countless planetarium shows, on massage tables, and as soundtracks to many videos and movies."- Lloyd Barde ''Notes on Ambient Music,'' Hyperreal Music Archive
14. "When you listen to space and ambient music you are connecting with a tradition of contemplative sound experience whose roots are ancient and diverse. The genre spans historical, ethnic, and contemporary styles. In fact, almost any music with a slow pace and space-creating sound images could be called spacemusic." Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, ''What is spacemusic?''
15. Hearts of Space Playlist - Complete list of genres
16. "A timeless experience...as ancient as the echoes of a simple bamboo flute or as contemporary as the latest ambient electronica. Any music with a generally slow pace and space-creating sound image can be called spacemusic. Generally quiet, consonant, ethereal, often without conventional rhythmic and dynamic contrasts, spacemusic is found within many historical, ethnic, and contemporary genres."Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, sidebar "What is Spacemusic?" in essay ''Contemplative Music, Broadly Defined''
17. "The program has defined its own niche — a mix of ambient, electronic, world, new age, classical and experimental music....Slow-paced, space-creating music from many cultures — ancient bell meditations, classical adagios, creative space jazz, and the latest electronic and acoustic ambient music are woven into a seamless sequence unified by sound, emotion, and spatial imagery." Stephen Hill, co-founder, Hearts of Space, essay titled ''Contemplative Music, Broadly Defined''
18. "Hill's Hearts of Space Web site provides streaming access to an archive of hundreds of hours of spacemusic artfully blended into one-hour programs combining ambient, electronic, world, New Age and classical music." Steve Sande, ''The Sky's the Limit with Ambient Music'', SF Chronicle, Sunday, January 11, 2004
19. "STAR'S END is (with the exception of "Music from the Hearts of Space") the longest running radio program of ambient music in the world. Since 1976, STAR'S END has been providing the Philadelphia broadcast area with music to sleep and dream to." Star's End website background information page

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