ALUMINIUM OXIDE

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Aluminium oxide
Unit cell of corundum
General
Other name	alumina aluminium(III) oxide
Molecular formula	Al2O3
Molar mass	101.96 g/mol
CAS number
Properties
Density and phase	3.97 g cm−3, solid
Solubility in water	insoluble
Melting point	2054 °C
Boiling point	3000 °C
Thermal Conductivity	18 W m−1 K−1
Structure
Coordination geometry	octahedral
Crystal structure	trigonal
Thermodynamic data
Standard enthalpy of formation Δf''H''osolid	−1675.7 kJ mol−1
Standard molar entropy ''S''osolid	50.92 J mol−1 K−1
Heat capacity ''Cp''	79.04 J mol−1 K−1
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Not listed.
NFPA 704
Flash point	non-flammable
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	''n'', εr = 9.5, etc. Refractive index at different wavelengths
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Other anions	aluminium hydroxide
Other cations	boron trioxide gallium oxide indium oxide thallium oxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

'Aluminium oxide' is an amphoteric oxide of aluminium with the chemical formula ₂₃. It is also commonly referred to as 'alumina' in the mining, ceramic and materials science communities.

Contents

Properties

Natural occurrence

Crystal structure

Industrial Fabrication Process

Uses

Commercial uses

See also

External links

Properties

Aluminium oxide is a good thermal insulator and electrical insulator. In its most commonly occurring crystalline form, called corundum or α-aluminum oxide, its hardness makes it suitable for use as an abrasive and as a component in cutting tools.
Aluminium oxide is responsible for metallic aluminium's resistance to weathering. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin passivation layer of alumina quickly forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called anodising. A number of alloys, such as aluminium bronzes, exploit this property by including a proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The alumina generated by anodising is typically amorphous, but discharge assisted oxidation processes such as plasma electrolytic oxidation result in a significant proportion of crystalline alumina in the coating, enhancing its hardness.
Aluminium oxide was taken off the United States Environmental Protection Agency's chemicals lists in 1988. Aluminum oxide is on EPA's TRI list if it is a fibrous form.

Natural occurrence

Corundum is the naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminium oxide. Rubies and sapphires are gem-quality forms of corundum with their characteristic colors due to trace impurities in the corundum structure.

Crystal structure

The most common form of crystalline alumina, α-aluminum oxide, is known as corundum and has a hexagonal close packed (HCP) lattice structure.

Industrial Fabrication Process

Aluminium oxide, also known as alumina, is the main component of bauxite, the principal ore of aluminium. The largest manufacturers in the world of alumina are Alcoa, Alcan and Rusal. Companies which specialise in the production of speciality aluminium oxides and aluminium hydroxides include Alcan and Almatis. The bauxite ore is made up of impure Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and SiO₂. These are then purified by the Bayer process:
Al₂O₃ + 3H₂O + 2NaOH + heat → 2NaAl(OH)₄
The Fe₂O₃ does not dissolve in the base. The SiO₂ dissolves as silicate Si(OH)₆^2-. Upon filtering, Fe₂O₃ is removed. When the Bayer liquor is cooled, Al(OH)₃ precipitates. The silicate remains in solution. Then:
2Al(OH)₃ + heat → Al₂O₃ + 3H₂O
The formed Al₂O₃ is alumina.
In 1961, GE developed "Lucalox", a transparent alumina used in sodium vapor lamps.
In August 2004, scientists in the United States working for 3M developed a technique for making an alloy of aluminium oxide and rare earth elements to produce a strong glass called transparent alumina.
As discussed above (in the "Properties" section), alumina can be grown as a 'coating' on aluminium by anodising or by plasma electrolytic oxidation.

Uses

Annual world production of alumina is approximately 65 million tonnes, over 90% of which is used in the manufacture of aluminium metal. Major uses for aluminium hydroxide include the manufacture of water treatment chemicals such as aluminium sulphate, Poly Aluminium Chloride and sodium aluminate. Large tonnages are also used in the manufacture of zeolites, coating titania pigments and as a fire retardants/smoke suppressant. The major uses of speciality aluminium oxides are in refractories, ceramics, polishing and abrasive applications. Minor uses include use in toothpaste formulations, and as a medium for chromatography. In this latter application alumina is available in the so-called Brockmann types neutral, basic (pH 9.5) and acidic (pH 4.5 when in water). Aluminium oxide is also used in preparation of coating suspensions in compact fluorescent lamps.
Al₂O₃ is also used in fluoride water filters. It is one of the few methods available to filter water soluble fluorides out of water.
Aluminum oxide is also used as a material in hip replacements.

Commercial uses

Because of aluminium oxide's position on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, (9), it is very widely used as an abrasive as a significantly less expensive replacement for industrial diamonds. Many types of sandpaper use aluminium oxide crystals. In addition, its low heat retention and specific heat makes it widely used in almost all grinding operations, particularly cutoff tools.
Aluminium oxide is used in certain CD/DVD cleaning kits. Alumina will polish the media surface, leaving it clean and relatively scratch-free.
Alumina is also the byproduct of hydrogen generation for the purposes of fuel generation when water is added to pellets comprised of aluminum and gallium. The other byproduct of the reaction is of course gallium.
Most pre-finished wood flooring now uses aluminum oxide as a hard protective coating.

See also

★ Bayer process

★ List of Alumina Refineries

External links

★ International Chemical Safety Card 0351

★ PhysicsWeb article on Transparent alumina